lecture 3

Question 1

dieters - twins

Answer 1

Pietiliane et al., 2011

• 2000 twins
• dieting twins who took § intentional weight loss episode 2-3x more likely to become overweight compared to non-dieting

Question 2

dieters - athletes

Answer 2

Saarni et al., 2006

• sample 1,600 male athletes
• those who repeatedly lost and gained weight has increased risk of obesity
• athletes that did this more likely to gain weight once retired

Question 3

psychological explanation

Answer 3

• Schacter et al., 1975
  self-filling bowls
• ate 73% more in one condition but felt equally as full
  fullness determined by how much people believed to have eaten

Question 4

shift workers

Answer 4

Sun et al., 2017
- meta analysis of 28 studies
29% more likely to be ones
- increased to 50% when accounting for those who work exclusively night and long term in this role

Question 5

physiological explanation 2

Answer 5

Buxton et al., 2012

humans that follow shift patterns have slower metabolic rate - 8% less

Question 6

psychological explanation

Answer 6

Gifkin et al., 2018
- tend to increase snack food consumption –> only food available
Driesen et al., 2010
- increases incidence of depression + stress

Question 7

Types of food available - Low SES

Answer 7

• believed due to certain food outlets (Freedman + Bell., 2009)
  linking food outlets to obesity is correlational and weak (Cobb et al., 2015)

Question 8

The insurance hypothesis

Answer 8

Nettle 2017
- when food provision scarce, most species seek to store food
- because females can become infertile when undernourished –> more likely to store food during uncertain times
Nettle et al., 2018
- humans respond in similar manner
- food secure at more in taste test
- all moderate by childhood experience of food security
Sim et al., 2018
- manipulated people felt by asking them to imagine when they were mistreated
- relative deprivation predicted intake

Question 9

Freshman 15: other

Answer 9

Robinson et al., 2014
- peers bad diet –> likely to follow

Holm-Denoma + Vohns, 2008

• relationships w/ parents important factor
• males –> perceived lack of independence prior to uni leads to increased weight gain

Question 10

Freshman 15: eating in response to stress

Answer 10

• Wansink et al., 2013

eating in response to emotional distress - similar to SES

Question 11

A psychological explanation of obesenogenic environment

Answer 11

• rely on weight of food (Spence et al., 2014)

- volume of food (Keenan et al., 2015)

Question 12

A psychological explanation of obesenogenic environment: distraction

Answer 12

• when distracted eat more (Oldham-cooper et al., 2011)
  playing computer game
  watching TV
  working at a desk

Question 13

improve fullness by remembering what we eat?

Answer 13

recall when return after 3 hours (Hetherington et al., 2006)
counting wrappers + food left (Polivy et al., 1986)

tracking food from app had little effect - Whitelock et al., 2019

Question 14

The French Paradox

Answer 14

Wansink et al., 2017

- French (paris) eat to point of no longer hungry, US (chicago) ate until full

Question 15

obesity - predicting across age

Answer 15

• Whitaker et al,. 1997
• Obese children under three years of age without obese parents are at low risk for obesity in adulthood
• older children, obesity is an increasingly important predictor of adult obesity, regardless of whether the parents are obese.