Lecture 4

Question 1

adolescence

Answer 1

Spear, 2000
- period of transition from childhood to adulthood - age 12 to late teens
Arnett, 2000
- emerging adulthood may last into 20’s industrialised society
Hall, 1904
- time of ‘storm and stress’

Question 2

myelination

Answer 2

Klingberg et al., 1999
- fibre tracts throughout frontal cortex continue to myelinated into second because of life
Lison et al., 2006
- improved myelination = performance better on a go/no-go task –> better performance for age

Question 3

reward

Answer 3

Fuster, 2002

mature relatively early –> amygdala, nucleus accumbent + emotion

Question 4

socio-emotional system

Answer 4

Steinberg, 2010

• emotion + reward
• amygdala, ventral striatum + medial PFC
• matures earlier in adolescence

Question 5

UPPS

Answer 5

Whiteside + Lyham (2001) 
- factor analysis on all commonly used measures of trait impulsivity 
U - urgency 
P - premeditation (lack of)
P - perseverance (lack of) 
S - sensation seeking

Question 6

trait impulsivity during adolescence

Answer 6

Steinberg et al., 2008
- declined from age of 10 to 30
Casey + Jones, 2010
- sensation seeking peak when difference in maturity between reward centres of brain + development of frontal areas were the greatest

Question 7

UPPS + alcohol use

Answer 7

Strauz + cooper, 2013

• meta-analysis
• all UPPS traits were associated was increased alcohol consumption and ‘problematic use’

Question 8

behavioural measures - choice

Answer 8

Petry, 2000

- immediate rewards over larger long term - display discounting

Question 9

inhibition + adolescence

Answer 9

Liston et al., 2008
- improved myelination = better impulsivity on go/no-go task
- better performance w/age impulsivity as a factor
Nigg et al., 2006
- stop-signal performance predicted alcohol related problems + illicit drug use among adolescence
- even when controlling for age, IQ, parents etc.
- alcohol use didnt predict stop-signal performance – poor impulsivity causal

Question 10

Critique

Answer 10

Nagin + Tremblay, 1999

- those who did at early age showed decline with age

Question 11

Marshmallow test

Answer 11

Mischel et al., 2010

- longer delay gratification (cognitive control) been shown to be associated with academic attainment

Question 12

Early Stressors

Answer 12

Anda et al., 2006
- neglect, abuse. parental substance use, exposure to violence related to drug use, addition + suicide
- female sexual abuse highly related to earlier age of first intercourse + unintentional pregnancy
Romer, 2010
- little evidence linking neural development to increased impulsivity in adolescence
- cortical thinning age 5-11 –> improved vocabulary
Bern et al., 2009
- risk taking positively correlated with white matter development

Question 13

Interventions

Answer 13

Petras et al., 2008

• good behaviour game
• found long lasting effects on high rates of aggression + uncontrolled behaviour

Question 14

inhibition and later alcohol use

Answer 14

Squeligia et al., 2014

• Compromised inhibitory functioning during early adolescence before substance use was related to more frequent and intense alcohol and marijuana use by late adolescence.
• Inhibition performance could help identify teens at risk for initiating heavy substance use during adolescence

Question 15

temperament risk for adolescent involvement

Answer 15

Colder & Chassin., 1997

• Impulsivity was found to moderate the effects of positive affectivity on both alcohol use and alcohol-related impairment
• Impulsive adolescents who were characterized by low levels of positive affectivity showed higher levels of alcohol use and more alcohol related impairment than impulsive adolescents with high positive affectivity or nonimpulsive adolescents.