Lecture 3 - Benzodiazepines (Test 1) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
A
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Slide 14
2
Q
Benzodiazepines facilitate action at which receptor?
A
GABA-A Chloride Ionophore
Slide 14
3
Q
By enhancing the affinity of the receptors for GABA, we also enhance which type of channels?
A
Chloride channels
(Slide 14)
4
Q
Which GABA subunit is the most abundant and induces sedation, amnesia, and is also has anticonvulsant properties?
A
Alpha-1
Slide 15
5
Q
Which GABA subunit works as an anxiolytic and has more effects on skeletal muscles?
A
Alpha-2
Slide 15
6
Q
True or False
Benzodiazepines sit on their own site within the GABA receptor.
A
True
Slide 15
7
Q
Opposed to alpha-1 and alpha-2, which receptor subtype sits outside the CNS?
A
Alpha-5
Slide 15
8
Q
Which other 4 drugs have GABA-A receptor binding sites that are right beside the benzo sites?
A
PEBA
Propofol
Etomidate
Barbiturates
Alcohol
*Increased risk of overdose; can cause synergistic effects
Slide 16
9
Q
Barbiturates, Etomidate, Propofol, and Alcohol have what type of effect when combined with benzos?
A
Synergistic
Slide 16
10
Q
Are benzos highly protein-bound and lipid-soluble? What does this mean in regard to Vd?
A
Yes, 98%
They have a large volume of distribution due to the lipid solubility, but there is not a large amount of free drug to distribute because of the protein binding.
Slide 17
11
Q
If you give a patient with cirrhosis or renal failure Versed, what would you expect?
A
A prolonged effect due to the drug not being metabolized/excreted.
Slide 17
12
Q
Benzodiazepines decrease __________ activity on an EEG?
A
Alpha wave
Slide 19
13
Q
Do benzodiazepines cause antegrade or retrograde amnesia? What does this mean?
A
Antegrade - The pt won’t remember anything after the drug is given
Slide 19
14
Q
Benzodiazepines have synergistic effects with what type of drugs?
A
Alcohol, injected and inhaled anesthetics, opioids, and alpha-2 agonists.
Slide 20
15
Q
Benzodiazepines can inhibit _____________ preventing the normal conformational change required by platelets to aggregate
A
Platelet aggregation factor
Slide 21
16
Q
Why is Diazepam (Valium) not used often in anesthesia?
A
prolonged duration of action compared to midazolam
(slide 35)
17
Q
Diazepam (Valium) onset of action is?
Elimination 1/2 time?
A
onset: in 1-5 mins
Elimination 1/2 time: in 20-40 hours
(slide 37)
18
Q
Is Diazepam (Valium) water soluble or insoluble?
A
water INSOLUBLE - Need to use propylene glycol
(slide 36)
19
Q
What additive is used in Diazepam (valium) for IV administration that causes a burning pain on injection?
A
Propylene glycol
(slide 36)
20
Q
Which dissociates from GABA receptors faster, Diazepam (Valium)or Lorazepam (Ativan)?
Which has a longer E 1/2 time?
A
Diazepam (Valium)
(slide 37)
21
Q
What pathway metabolizes Diazepam (Valium)
A
CYP3A pathway
( - Kane)
22
Q
What risk factors prolong effects of Diazepam (valium)?
A
- Hepatic failure/Cirrhosis
- Age (elderly d/t increased Vd 2/2 increased body fat)
(slide 37)
23
Q
6-8 hours after admin of Diazemp (Valium) , what are we most concerned about? (Hint: especially outpatient surgeries)
A
Return of drowsiness 2/2 Diazepam’s (valium) active metabolites
(Kane mentioned the scenario with grandpa going home after sx and taking a nap to be found dead later from severe resp. depression d/t to the valium’s active metabolites)
(slide 38)
24
Q
Which benzo can produce isoelectric EEG?
A
Diazepam (Valium)
(slide 39)
25
Out of Midazolam (Versed), Lorazepam (Ativan) and Diazepam (Valium), which one would cause minimal decrease in BP, CO, and SVR even with induction doses?
(Hint: It used to be used for cardiac surgery induction*)
Diazepam (Valium)
(Slide 41)
26
If you give Diazepam (valium) and you see a change in BP, what could be the cause?
Additive drugs such as opioids & propofol!
Valium alone will not cause a change in BP!
(Slide 41)
27
Which has more effect on respiratory drive - Midazolam or Diazepam?
Midazolam
Diazepam has "minimal effects on ventilation" but can be exaggerated with opioids, ETOH, and COPD
Per Dr Kane's example, in an ideal situation, if you only had BZDs, which would you give to a COPD patient? Diazepam! you should pick this medication for COPD patients bc of the decreased effects on respiratory system
(slide 40)
28
Depending upon the dose of Midazolam (Versed), what effects does it have in cardiovascular system?
↑ HR and ↓BP
slide 29
(↓BP is thought to be due to ↓ in SVR)
29
If you have given nitrous to your patient and then given Diazepam (valium) would you expect to see a change in BP?
NO!
Nitrous is an additive that will not effect BP when given with Valium; unlike the opioid/nitrous combination.
(Slide 41)
30
Does Midazolam (versed) alter cardiac output?
No.
slide 29
(Versed ↓SVR, the compensatory effect is to ↑HR to maintain CO)
31
What benzo is known to be a potent anticonvulsant?
At what dose and route per the powerpoint?
Which types of seizures is this med known to treat particularly well?
Diazepam (valium)
Dose: 0.1 mg/kg IV
Known to be effective in treating: Delirium Tremens, Status Epilepticus, and Lidocaine toxicity related seizures
(slide 39)
32
Besides Diazepam (valium), what are 2 other known longer acting anticonvulsants also administered during a seizure?
Fosphenytoin and Cerebryx
(slide 39)
33
Which benzodiazepine was used as a muscle relaxant back in the day before flexeril was invented (decreased tonic effect on spinal neuron)?
(Hint: people developed tolerance to its muscle relaxation properties & it has no action at neuromuscular junction!)
Valium (Diazepam)
(Slide 43)
34
Do you give versed to pt who is in hypovolemic shock, or hemorrhaging?
No
slide 29
(Versed further decreases BP)
35
What is the induction dose for Valium (Diazepam)?
0.5-1.0 mg/kg IV over 30 to 60 secs.
(Slide 44)
36
In what 3 patient populations do we decrease the dose of Diazepam (Valium) by 25-50%?
*Elderly
*Liver disease
*Presence of opioids
(Slide 44)
37
So Dr. Kane mentioned that Diazepam (Valium) can cause a "slight decrease in tidal volume" but what stimulation is adequate to temporarily reverse this mild ventilatory depressant?
Surgical stimulation (so resp. drive isn't much of a concern intra-op but keep in mind the long elimination 1/2 time for post-op)
(slide 40)
38
What is the most potent sedative and amnestic compared to Midazolam and Diazepam?
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Slide (45)
39
Lorazepam (Ativan) resembles Oxazepam (Serax) because?
Oxazepam has an extra Cl- atom!
(Oxazepam is an active metabolite of Diazepam and Temazepam)
(Slide 45)
40
T/F
Ativan is insoluble in water therefor it requires a solvent such as propylene glycol for preparation.
True
(Slide 46)
41
When would Versed (midazolam) not inhibit the associated HR/BP responses?
During intubation.
slide 29
(This response is good when someone comes with hypotension.
Intubation will help stimulate the sympathetic system to offset the decrease in BP)
42
True or false: BIS level changes are correlated to the patients movement?
True
(slide 8)
43
What BIS level range do we want to achieve to represent adequate general anesthesia?
Want: 40-60 range
(ranges from 0-100)
(slide 8)
44
What does a low BIS level represent?
low brain activity and less likely to move
(slide 8)
45
What does a high BIS level represent?
Awake state and more likely to move
(slide 8)
46
When monitoring BIS levels, what does the "High Dose Narcotic Technique" cause to the reading?
Less correlation between BIS and movement
(when little to no other general anesthetic is given with opioids)
(slide 8)
47
Compared to Midazolam and Diazepam, Lorazepam has a ________ onset of action, _________ lipid solubility, and _______ metabolic clearance.
What is the peak onset, dose, and 1/2 elimination time?
Slower, Lower, Slower
Peak onset: 20-30 minutes; 1-4 mg dose IV
E 1/2: 14 hours - this is slower than Midazolam (versed) (takes longer); but shorter the diazapam (valium)
(Slide 46)
48
During BIS studies: Were patients with a BIS <58 conscious or unconscious?
unconscious
(slide 8)
49
During BIS studies: Patients with a BIS <65 had a less than 5% chance of returning to consciousness within how long?
50 sec.
(under 1 min- per Dr. Kane)
(slide 8)
50
On the BIS monitor, what does the SQI reading stand for and show?
Signal Quality Index.
- Predicts the reliability of the signal vs artifact. The higher the SQI, the more reliable is the BIS number.
(slide 9)
51
On the BIS monitor, what does the EMG reading stand for and show?
Electromyographic
- Reflects muscle stimulation caused by an increase in muscle tone/tightness or muscle movement. (even if we do not see them initially moving, it can tell us if they are about to move)
(slide 9)
52
What are the 5 main pharmacological effects that Benzodiazepines produce?
1. Anxiolytic
2. Sedation
3. Anterograde amnesia
4. Anticonvulsant
5. Spinal-cord mediated skeletal muscle relaxation (used these before muscle relaxers were invented)
(slide 11)
53
Yes or No: Are people who go to sleep (get sedated) while they are anxious and scared likely to wake up anxious and scared?
Yes!
(Why we want to give a anxiolytic Benzodiazepine before hand - want to go to sleep calm and wake up calm)
(slide 11)
54
Define Anterograde amnesia:
From the time the medication is given and forward, will have loss of memory.
(slide 11)
55
What is the dose of midazolam (versed) for children? when does it peak?
0.25 - 0.5 mg/kg oral and peaks in 20-30 minutes
slide 30
(makes sure you give it 20-30 minutes prior to going OR)
56
Yes or No: Does Amnesia last longer than the sedative effects?
Yes!
(slide 11)
57
Define Retrograde Amnesia:
Loss of memory where you can't recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia. It usually affects recently stored past memories, not memories from years ago. Only known Rx to cause Retrograde Amnesia is Electroconvulsive Therapy
(slide 11)
58
What is the difference between a sedative and hypnotic? What common effect do they both have?
Both induce sleep. Sedative also induces calm. Hypnotic induces hypnosis (sleep) (Slide 2)
59
What similarities does anesthesia share with sleep? (Hint: brain related)
Both will inhibit thalamus and mid brain RAS (reticular activating system), can reversibly inhibit CNS. (Slide 2)
60
Some studies suggest anywhere from 1/1000 to 1/10000 people will experience _______ under anesthesia. Very traumatic.
Awareness, consciousness. Some awareness can be normal during sedation only cases and emergence, but should not be normal during general anesthesia. (Slide 3)
61
What are the 4 main reasons we replaced Barbiturates with Benzodiazepines for preop sedation in anesthesia?
1. Less tolerance
2. Less potential for abuse
3. Fewer/less serious side effects
4. Does not induce hepatic microsomal enzymes (CYP450)
(slide 12)
62
In comparing different types of Benzodiazepines: Do they share a similar structure? (Y/N)
Yes
(slide 13)
63
what is Benzodiazepines pharmacologic antagonist?
Flumazenil
(slide 13)
64
Is Midazolam most commonly used during preoperative or postoperative period?
Preoperative- for prompt recovery
(slide 13)
65
Is Diazepam/Lorazepam most commonly used during the perioperative or postoperative period?
Postoperative- have a much greater 1/2 time than that of Midazolam
(slide 13)
66
When giving anesthesia, EEG monitoring can be used to help monitor what 2 brain related values?
CBF (cerebral blood flow) and CMRO2 (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen).
Higher CBF and CMRO2 = more awake. Lower = less awake.
Anesthesia can lower these values. By combining EEG monitoring with anesthesia, we can help find the sweet spot where a pt is asleep but not dying. (Slide 5)
67
What is the dose of versed for adults? When does it peak?
1 - 5 mg IV and peaks in 5 minutes
Slide 30
(Decrease dose in elderly, greater CNS sensitivity to versed)
68
To reverse NMB, ______ is used with atropine or _________.
Neostigmine, Robinul
slide 29
(Neostigmine can cause bradycardia and Robinul can cause tachycardia, so these drugs are given together to cancel out the side effect of each other)
69
What is the dosage of Versed given for induction to adults?
Would you give an opioid?
0.1 - 0.2 mg/kg IV over 30-60 seconds
With 50-100mcg of fentanyl over 1 -3 min (can be given before benzo or immediately after)
Slide 32
70
What are the benefits of using maintenance dosing of versed?
Uncommon, but:
1. It can give synergistic effects with opioids, propofol, and volatiles.
2. decrease requirements for volatiles (depends on the versed dose).
3. Rarely associated with N/V or emergence excitement.
Slide 33
71
What is the dosage for postoperative sedation (Midazolam) if the patient is still intubated?
1-7 mg/hr IV
Slide 34
72
Why does Versed cause a delay in awakening with post-op sedation?
Markedly delayed awakening happens as a result of the accumulation of active metabolite from the duration of the drip.
Its clearance depends on hepatic metabolism, not redistribution.
Slide 34
73
What is the peak effect of IV Lorazepam (Ativan)?
20-30 mins
Slide 47
74
What is the elimination halftime of Lorazepam (Ativan)?
14 hrs
Slide 47
75
Lorazepam (Ativan) is better suited for day-to-day use vs for induction/OR.
True of False?
True!
Slide 47
76
Lorazepam (Ativan) relies heavily on the CYP450 enzymes.
True of False?
False!
It has a slower metabolism through glucoronidation, which is slower than oxidative hydroxylation
This means it is safer to use in liver disease patients and won’t affect other drugs concentration like versed and valium would. (Bc they inhibit CYP450)
Slide 47
77
Lorazepam (Ativan) has similar organ system effects as other benzo’s. It is also good as a gtt for ____ sedation or ____ longterm.
Post-op, PO
Slide 48
78
What is the IV dose for Lorazepam (Ativan) if the patient is hallucinating or acting crazy?
1 - 4 mg IV
Slide 49
79
What is the antagonist for benzo’s? And what type of antagonist is it? (Competitive or non-competitive)
Flumazenil (Romazicon)
Competitive Antagonist! -it will reverse or prevent all benzo activity on the benzo receptor.
Slide 50
80
Flumazenil (Romazicon) is metabolized by _____ _____ _____ to _____ metabolites and is eliminated.
Hepatic microsomal enzymes, inactive
Slide 51
81
What is the initial dose of Flumazenil (Romazicon)?
What is the titrating dose after the initial dose?
Initial: 0.2 mg IV
Titrate (to consciousness): repeated 0.1mg q1min to 1mg total
Slide 52
82
If you’re trying to reverse sedation, expect to give ___ - ___mg of Flumazenil (Romazicon).
If unconscious or OD on benzo’s, expect to give ___-___mg.
Reverse sedation: 0.3 - 0.6mg
OD and to reverse therapeutic effect: 0.5 - 1mg
*if you give all this & still unconscious - you’re problem is something else.
(Narcan, Banana bag, hepatic encephalopathy?)
Slide 52
83
If you overdose your patient on versed (midazolam) (E 1/2 = 2 hrs), you know you will have to give repeated doses of Flumazenil (Romazicon) bc its duration is only ___ - ___ mins.
What's the continuous infusion rate?
30-60 mins
*cont infusion (0.1 - 0.4 mg/hr)
Slide 52
84
What are the side effects of Flumazenil (Romazicon)?
None
Slide 53
85
What chemistry characteristic is specific to midazolam
Imidazole ring
Slide 22
86
What are midazolam's chief indications?
PreOp (anti-anxiety) and conscious sedation
Slide 22
87
You give the pt a hefty dose of Versed (Midazolam) in pre-op. The surgeon arbitrarily cancels the case and you want to give Flumazenil (Romazicon) to reverse the benzo.
You check the pt hx again and see your patient suffers from epilepsy and is on multiple AED’s.
Is it okay to proceed with the Flumazenil? Explain your answer.
No…
This will void their AED’s and could precipitate acute withdrawal seizures.
*You should try to reverse narcotic (if they had any) first!
Slide 54
88
True or False. Sedation has a longer effect rather than amnesia
False - Amnesia > sedation
Slide 22
89
Midazolam is 2-3x as potent as this other benzo: _______________?
diazepam (valium)
Slide 22
90
With Midazolam, _______ effects last longer than _______ effects
Amnesia. Sedation
Slide 22
91
For Midazolam....
In a pH environment < 3.5 the ring structure is _______.
In a pH environment > 4.0 the ring structure is _______.
How much propylene glycol is needed to stabilize drung prior to administration?
Open
Closed
Trick - Does not require propylene glycol
Slide 23
92
For Midazolam....
It is lipid soluble and unprotonated in a pH environment of ______.
It is water soluble and protonated in a pH environment of _______.
> 4.0
< 3.5
Slide 23
93
True or False. Midazolam burns when injected.
False
Slide 23
94
What is the onset time of action for Versed?
1- 2 minutes (IV)
Slide 24
95
What is the time for peak effect for Versed?
5 minutes
Be patient and let it work....or youll kill somebody geez...
Slide 24
96
Why does Versed have a short duration?
- Short period of binding to receptor
- Rapid distribution d/t solubility
Versed is lipid soluble but it does not stay on the receptor for long periods. It rapidly redistributes. This is good for us!
Slide 24
97
E 1/2 time for Versed?
2 hours
Doubled for elderly patients.
Slide 25
98
Volume of Distribution for versed...
1- 1.5 L/kg
Very lipid soluble.
Slide 25
99
What is an active metabolite of Versed?
How much of the parent activity does it have?
1 - hydroxymidazolam
1/2 the activity of the parent
Slide 26
100
Drugs that cause inhibition of P-450 enzymes (decreases BZD metabolism)
**C E F A C**
Cimetidine
Erythromycin
Fentanyl
Antifungal
Calcium Channel Blockers
Slide 26
101
Midazolam (versed) **clearance** is ____________ times faster than (Lorazepam (ativan) and ____________ times faster than Diazepam (valium).
5
10
Slide 26
102
What are the 6 CNS effects of Versed mentioned in lecture?
Decreased Cerebral Metabolic Requirement of Oxygen
Decreased Cerebral Blood Flow
Does not produce isoelectric EEG
Potent anticonvulsant
Preserves vasomotor response to CO2
No change in ICP
Slide 27
103
What are the 3 pulmonary negative effects of versed mentioned in lecture?
Dose Dependent decreases in ventilation
Depresses swallowing reflex
Decreases upper airway activity (coughing)
Slide 28
104
In the OR, instead of an impractical 12-20 lead EEG machine, we use _____ instead.
BIS aka Bispectral Analysis. (Slide 7)
105
What is BIS? How was it created?
Bispectral Analysis. This was created in 1996 by combining data from 1500 subjects and 5000 hours of EEG.
BIS interprets EEG like information from the patient and puts that data into a mathematical algorithm. The mathematical algorithm then gives you a score that indicates your level of consciousness. (Slide 7)
106
What medications did they use when creating/testing BIS?
A combination of isoflurane/oxygen, propofol/nitrous, and propofol/alfentanil. (Slide 7)
107
Versed decreases what two things in the CNS, specifically the brain:
Cerebral Blood Flow
Cerebral Metabolic Requirement of Oxygen
Slide 27
108
What are the critical care medicine sedation guidelines regarding running versed drip?
Versed should not run more than **2-3 days** because in the lab it shows an alteration in the ability of the **T- cells** to mount an immune response. So the patients are more prone to infection.
Slide 34
(but unclear clinical significance)
109
Where in the body are Alpha-1 subunits most abundant?
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellar cortex
Thalamus
110
Where are Alpha-2 receptors most abundant?
Hippocampus
Amygdala
111
What are the two active metabolites of diazepam (valium)
Desmethyldiazepam (48-96 hours)
Oxazepam
