Lecture 3 (Biology & psychology in the 19th century) Flashcards
(27 cards)
how did lamarck state that animals develop
complexifying force = striving for better organisation
adapting force = change according to circumstance
what did darwin realise while touring the world
more animals are born than can be sustained
there’s a perceptual struggle between individuals for resources
how do organisms differ according to darwin and Wallace
inheritance and random change in environment / resources available
what is ethology
the expression of emotions in both man and animals
what were tinbergen’s 4 questions about behaviour
function - how does this increase the animal’s fitness
evolution - how did this behaviour come about
causation - what provokes this behaviour
development - how does this behaviour change over the creature’s life
what did lorenz find about geese
they imprint on the first moving thing they see
what did von frisch find about bees
they communicate to other bees using a waggle dance
what other aspect of humans did darwin attribute natural selection to
language
what may make particular animals more likely to reproduce
libido, colour, aggression, longevity
what are the two types of sexual selection
inter-sexual selection (competition between sexes)
intra-sexual selection (competition within sexes)
what was found about facial expressions
they are universal and innate, not cultural and learned
what phrase did galton coin
nature vs nurture
what did james focus on
function, not contents, of consciousness
what did galton conclude about bodily and mental characteristics
they were largely inherited
what mathematical relationships did galton find between parents and kids
correlated heights of parents and children
what does freud’s psychodynamic theory consist of
defence mechanisms
psychosexual development
personality theory
what were freud’s 3 levels of consciousness
conscious, preconscious, subconscious
what were freud’s 2 basic drives
eros, thanatos
what did freud state that personality was comprised of
superego, ego, id
what were freud’s 5 psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
what happens if state-dependent needs aren’t met according to freud
the child could become fixated on a specific stage
what is the oedipus complex
boys sexually attracted to mother
jealous of father
boys develop castration anxiety
what is the electra complex
girls sexually attracted to father
jealous of mother
girls develop penis envy
what is a freudian slip
saying one thing when you meant to say another
