Lecture 3. Cells of Innate Immunity Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
What are the cells found in the bone marrow ?
A
- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- Common lymphoid progenitor
- Common myeloid progenitor
2
Q
What does the common myeloid progenitor differentiate into in the bone marrow ?
A
- Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor
- Megakaryocyre/erythrocyte progenitor
3
Q
What does the megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor differentiate into in the bone marrow ?
A
- Megakaryocyte
- Erythroblast
4
Q
What does the megakaryocyte differentiate into in the blood ?
A
Platlets
5
Q
What does the erythroblast differentiate into in the blood ?
A
Erythrocyte
6
Q
What does the common lymphoid progenitor differentiate into in the blood ?
A
- B cell
- T cell
- Natural killer cell
- Immature dendritic cell
7
Q
What does the common myeloid progenitor differentiate into in the blood ?
A
Immature dendritic cell
8
Q
What is the family name for granulocyte/macrophage progenitor differentiate into in the blood ?
A
Granulocytes/ polymorphonuclear leukocytes
9
Q
What does the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor differentiate into in the blood ?
A
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Unknown precursor of mast cell
- Monocyte
10
Q
What is found in the blood ?
A
- B cell
- T cell
- Natural killer cell
- Immature dendritic cell.
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Precursor of mast cell
- Monocyte
- Platelet
- Erthrocyte
11
Q
What is found in the lymph nodes ?
A
- B cell
- T cell
- Natural killer cell
4, Mature dendritic cell
12
Q
What is found int the effector cells ?
A
- Plasma cell
- Activated T cell
- Activated natural killer cell
13
Q
What is found in the tissues ?
A
- Immature dendritic cell
- Mast cell
- Macrophage
14
Q
What does the B cell differentiate into ?
A
Plasma cell
15
Q
What does the T cell differentiate into ?
A
Activated T cell
16
Q
What does the natural killer cell differentiate into ?
A
Activated natural killer cell
17
Q
What does the monocyte differentiate into ?
A
Macrophage
18
Q
What is ontogeny ?
A
Tracing immune cells
19
Q
What does hematopoiesis originate from ?
A
Pluripotent stem cell - HSC
20
Q
What does the pluripotent stem cell branch toward ?
A
Lymphoid/myeloid progenitor
21
Q
What is the pluripotent stem cell regulated by ?
A
Growth factors/Cytokines (CSF-1, GM-CSF)
22
Q
What appears in blood cancer ?
A
Myeloid derived suppressor cells - block pro-inflammatory functions in T cells
23
Q
What are most myeloid cells ?
A
Phagocytes
24
Q
What do myeloid cells form ?
A
An innate response
25
What are phagocytes ?
Cells which sample extracellular environment
26
What is the end result of phagocytes ?
1. Destruction of cargo
2. Generation or liberation of antigens
3. Linked to signalling
4. Metabolic activities
27
What is phagocytosis ?
Highly regulated cellular process involving multiple proteins and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton
28
What is a macrophage known as ?
Professional phagocyte
29
What is the neutrophil known as ?
Highly phagocytic professional killer
30
What is the activated function of macrophage ?
Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Antigen presentation
31
What is the activated function of dendritic cell ?
Antigen uptake in peripheral sites
Antigen presentation
32
What is the activated function of neutrophil ?
Phagocytosis an activation of bactericidal mechanisms
33
What is the activated function of eosinophil ?
Killing of antibody coated parasites
34
What is the activated function of basophil ?
Promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity
35
What is the activated function of mast cell ?
Release of granules containing histamine and active agents
36
Where is bound material internalised ?
Phagosomes
37
Where is bound material broken down in ?
Phagolysosomes
38
What are antigen presenting cells ?
Cells which liberate cargo to generate antigens and present antigens on cell surfaces
39
What do antigen presenting cells present to ?
Antigen specific lymphocytes
40
What is the special machinery required for antigen presentation ?
MHC/CO-stim molecules
41
What is the professional antigen presenting cell ?
Dendritic cell
42
What can acts as an antigen presenting cell ?
Macrophages
43
What are most antigen presentation cells ?
Phagocytes
44
What are the cell surface markers of macrophages?
1. CD11b
2. CD14
3. F4/80
4. CD68
45
What is the shape of macrophages ?
Large, single lobed nucleus, ruffled shape
46
What are macrophages derived from ?
Myeloid progenitor in bone marrow via monocyte
47
What are common at mucosal surfaces ?
Patrolling/tissue resident macrophages
48
What do macrophages have ?
Innate phagocytic capacity
49
What are macrophages enhanced by ?
Expression of phagocytic receptors and pattern recognition receptors
50
What do pattern recognition receptors rely on ?
Discrimination of non-self by conserve molecular patterns and orchestrate inflammation
51
What are the cell markers of dendritic cells ?
1. CD11c
2. C80/CD86
52
What may dendritic cells be generated from ?
Monocytes
53
What are most dendritic cells recruite by ?
Monocyte
54
Where to dendritic cells migrate away to ?
Lymph node
55
What do dendritic cells express to migrate towards lymph nodes ?
CCR7
56
What do epithelial cells express ?
Pattern recognition receptors
57
How may epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors ?
1. Apically
2. Basally
3. On intracellular vacuoles
58
What are epithelial cells not ?
Phagocytic
59
What can epithelial cells do ?
Specialised transport function
60
What is used by epithelial cells to restrict infection ?
Xenophagy
61
What do epithelial cells trigger ?
Cytokine/chemokine production to promote inflammation
62
What are the resident cells in the intestinal epithelium ?
1. iECs (Enterocytes
2. Paneth cells
3. Goblet cells
63
What are the functions of iECs ?
1. Sensing functions - express TLRs
2. Engage autophagey to restrict pathogen growth
3. Have microvilli
64
Where are panteth cells found ?
Small intestine
65
What do paneth cells produce ?
AMPs (RegIII and defensins) when activated
66
What is function of goblet cells ?
Produce mucin when activated
67
Where are microfold cells found ?
In follicular associated epithelium in gut
68
What is the smaep of microfold cells ?
Folded/ruffled luminal surface
69
What do microfold cells not make ?
Mucin or digestive enzymes
70
What are microfold cells often associated with ?
Luminal antigen presentinc cells (dendritic cells, macrophages) in lamina propria
71
What is the function of microfold cells ?
Facilitate transport of antigen - transcytosis
72
Where are mast cell mature ?
Tissues
73
Where are mast cells common ?
Skin, gut and aroun blood vessels
74
What is the key activation signal of mast cells ?
C3a or IgE
75
What releases contents of mast cells ?
Degranulation
76
What is a key mediator of inflammation ?
Histamine
77
What does endothelial cells activation involve ?
1. Decreae tight junction expression - for vasodilation
2. Increase adhesion molecules - capture specific cells
3. Odema - fluid enters from serum to tissues (swelling) carry complement, clotting and other immune proteins
78
What do cytokines act on ?
Endothelial cell
79
What do cytokines promote ?
Vasodilation
80
What do cytokines up regulate ?
Adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
81
What is rolling ?
Loose interactions involving CHO polymers/selections
82
What is firm adhesions ?
Tighter specific interactions
83
What do chemokine gradients promote ?
Trans-migration into tissue via diapedesis
84
Look at slide 23
85
What does monocyte recruitment involve ?
Cell surface expressed ligand and endothelium expressed receptor/binding partner
86
What does activated edothelium increase expression of ?
chemokine gradients which up regulate monocyte expression
87
What is the rolling/attachment step of monocyte recruitment ?
Selectin expressionon endothelial cell non-specifically attracts leukoycte/monocyte
88
What is the arrest/ adhesion step of monocyte recruitment ?
CR3 also known as Mac1 (CD11b/CD18)
Bind ICAM1/2
89
What does integrin activation alter ?
cytoskeleton dynamics and facilitate diapadesis
90
What is the key factor of macrophage differentiation ?
CSF-1
91
What is the neutrophil marker ?
Gr1
92
What is the neutrophild derived from ?
CMP via myeloblast
93
What does phagocytosis of neutrophils lead to ?
Fusion with granules - degranulation leads to death
94
What is the respiratory burst ?
Liberates toxic radical triggered by presence of bacteria
95
Where is phagocyte oxidase inactive ?
In resting cells
96
What does activation of cell trigger in respiratory burst ?
Localisation of other subunits p40, p47, p67
97
What happens in respiratory burst in presence of oxygen and NADPH ?
Generates superoxide
98
WHat is chronic granulomatous disease ?
Deficiency of NADPH oxidase
99
What is the steps of macrophage phagocytosis ?
1. Contact with solid trigger/cargo
2. Formation of phagocytic cup
3. Internalisation and formation of the phagosome
4. Intracellular fate
5. Fusion with acidic lysosome for degradation of cargo via catabolic enzymes, respiratory burst, acidic environment
100
What are macrophage receptors ?
Slowly evolving, germ lined encoded
101
What are macrophage receptors homologous to ?
Resistance proteins in plants
102
What do microbes have for pattern recognition ?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
103
What do hosts have for pattern recognition ?
Pattern recognition receptors
104
What are vitaPAMPs associated with ?
Active replication
105
What are natural killer cells ?
Lymphocytes that are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invaing microbes
106
What do natural killer cells do ?
Destroy compromised host cells
107
How do natural killer cells recognise compromised host cells ?
A condition known as missing sself
108
What do natural killer cells not require ?
Activation pror to killing
109
What do natural killer cells cause ?
Lysis of cells infected with intracellular pathogens through release of granule contents
110
What do unique mechanisms of recognition by natural killer cells rely on?
Presence or absence of various receptors KIRS and absence of MHC
