Lecture 3: Cognitive models Anxiety

Question 1

verschil anxiety and fear

Answer 1

fear: immediate respone when faced with threat
anxiety: stress response just from thoughts

Question 2

new brain =

Answer 2

imagination, thinking, planning, rumination, mentalizing, self monitoring

Question 3

wat zei paul gilbert

Answer 3

we have a new brain due to evolution, old brain is what animals also have

Question 4

old brain =

Answer 4

motives: harm avoidance, reproducing, competing, caring
emotions: anger, anxiety, disgust, sadness, joy
behaviour: fight, flight, freeze, submission

Question 5

welk brein zorgt voor dingen zoals anxiety

Answer 5

new brain (door rumination and imagination etc)

Question 6

welke soort memories kan je hebben

Answer 6

verbal/abstract
sensory/perceptual

Question 7

welk brein hoort bij welke soort memory

Answer 7

verbal/abstract = new brain
sensory/perceptual = old brain

Question 8

hoe werkt cognition (basic process)

Answer 8

content of cognitions (what we think) <-> cognitive processes (how we think)

Question 9

worry kenmerken in GAD

Answer 9

• excessive
• disproportional
• difficult to control

Question 10

prevalentie social anxiety

Answer 10

12%

Question 11

prevalentie GAD

Answer 11

3%

Question 12

verschil worry and rumination

Answer 12

worry = worrying about future responses
rumination = repetitive and passive thinking about depression and symptoms

Question 13

transdiagnostic between GAD and MDD

Answer 13

repetitive negative thinking

Question 14

officiele definitie worry

Answer 14

“a chain of thoughts, negatively affect-laden and relatively uncontrollable; it represents an attempt to engage in mental problemsolving on an issue whose outcome is uncertain but contains the possibility of one or more negative outcomes”

Question 15

rumination officiele definitie

Answer 15

“repetitive and passive thinking about one’s
symptoms of depression and the possible causes and consequences of these symptoms”

Question 16

transdiagnostic: anxiety, depression, SAD

Answer 16

• repetitive
• no control
• negative content
• verbal
• abstract

Question 17

transdiagnostic model: worry

Answer 17

anxiety
future

Question 18

transdiagnostic model: rumination

Answer 18

past
depression

Question 19

transdiagnostic model: post event processing

Answer 19

social situations
self focused

Question 20

why do people ruminate?

Answer 20

we want to be prepared. een klein beetje is wel effectief, maar te veel is problematisch!

Question 21

meta cognitive model key aspects

Answer 21

positive beliefs about worry (versterkt zichzelf, pijltjes in rondje om zichzelf) -> negative meta beliefs (versterkt zichzelf, pijltjes in rondjes om zichzelf)

positive beliefs about worrying = geloven dat het effectief is, believing they are problem solving
negative meta beliefs = worrying about worrying

Question 22

avoidance model key aspects

Answer 22

zie schrift

mensen met anxiety krijgen perception of threat, dan gaan ze worrying: op verbal linguistic manier. hierdoor worden positive worry beliefs versterkt. maar hierdoor minder mental imagery, waardoor normaal een somatic reaction komt die emotional processing zou stimuleren, wat voor minder perception of threat zou leiden (maar doordat worrying mental imagery verlaagd: ook minder emotional processing)

Question 23

hoe vergelijkt avoidance model dus met verbal/abstract en sensory/perception

Answer 23

normale emotional processing: sensory/perceptual

worry: blijft verbal/abstract, waardoor minder mental imagery, waardoor minder emotional processing

Question 24

hoe kan je dus zorgen voor minder worry

Answer 24

if you allow yourself to imagine things, you may lower the somatic reaction you get, which leads to better emotional processing

Question 25

wat heeft dus meer somatische reacties: fear of worrying

Answer 25

fear (want worrying is meer verbaal/abstract)

Question 26

evidence: is worrying verbal?

Answer 26

- mensen die relaxerende oefening hadden gedaan, hadden veel meer imagery thoughts - de worry group had meer verbal thoughts

Question 27

problem solving does not let you experience the fear itself, therefore it may be problematic

Answer 27

volgens het avoidance model

Question 28

evidence: does worry decreases arousal?

Answer 28

- Participants with fear of public speaking - Imagine giving a speech - Conditions: worry - relax - neutral -> bij worrying geen groot verschil tussen het inbeelden en het echt hebben van worry. -> worrying decreases arousal

Question 29

wat is een andere uitleg voor 'evidence: does worry decrease arousal'

Answer 29

people worry to avoid problems, they may also dislike relaxing and then suddenly having to cope with a stressor = contrast avoidance

Question 30

wat is bewijs voor contrast avoidance

Answer 30

mensen moesten nadenken over: neutral activity (wat gedaan dit weekend) relaxing (instructions on breathing) worry (think about most worrisome topic) daarna verschillende filmclips te zien, negative affect levels gemeten geen groot contrast tussen de worrying group eerst en daarna de plane crash: dus worrying avoids this large contrast!

Question 31

key maintaining factors of anxiety

Answer 31

- positive worrying beliefs (dysfunctional problem focus, ineffective coping) - dislike of intense emotions - cognitive/emotional avoidance (absence of emotional processing)

Question 32

social anxiety disorder criteria

Answer 32

 Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others.  The individual fears that he or she will act in a way or show anxiety symptoms that will be negatively evaluated (i.e., will be humiliating or embarrassing; will lead to rejection or offend others).  The social situations almost always provoke fear or anxiety.  The social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear or anxiety

Question 33

waar gaat het model van rapee & heimberg over

Answer 33

perceived audience, mental representation of the self as seen by the audience, perceived internal clues and external indicators of evaluation, attentional resources etc

Question 34

waar leidt judgement of probability and consequence of evaluation from audience naar toe

Answer 34

behavioural, physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety behavioural & physical -> external indicators of evaluation physical & cognitive -> perceived internal cues

Question 35

people with SAD engage in...

Answer 35

safety behaviours, which can be contraproductive

Question 36

welk experiment keek naar die safety behaviours

Answer 36

kijken naar verschil disclosure en openness, en student beoordeelde de participanten op desire for future interaction. SA: veel minder open, maar wanneer ze instructies kregen deden ze het wel. dus ze kunnen wel open zijn maar doen het gewoon niet. = safety behaviours due to negative judgement

Question 37

wat is het gekke aan die safety behaviours

Answer 37

the negative judgement they fear (for which they perform the safety behaviours) are actually perceived as negative (dus viceuze cirkel)

Question 38

people with SAD dont lack social skills...

Answer 38

they are just too afraid to use em

Question 39

people with sad blush more, but also largely overestimate their blushing.

Answer 39

oke

Question 40

hoe is de attention bias in sad

Answer 40

overattentive voor boze gezichten, dus overattention to negative cues (= external indicators of negative evaluation) veeeel snellere reactietijd bij angry faces dan bij happy faces. bij controles was dit verschil veel kleiner.

Question 41

hoe kan cognition behaviour beinvloeden

Answer 41

believing another person likes or dislikes you: behaviours make the beliefs come true

Question 42

dus hoe ga je van social anxiety naar social rejection

Answer 42

social anxiety -> self-focused attention + negative beliefs -> social performance -> social rejection

Question 43

a positive bias score betekent

Answer 43

a positive bias score for angry faces indicates faster RTs to probes replacing angry faces than neutral faces, that is, vigilance for threat

Question 44

hoe interpreteer je de grafiek van low and high speech anxiety bij no threat and social threat

Answer 44

mensen kregen trembling devices positive values reflect faster detection of external than internal probes, and vice versa for negative values mensen met high speech anxiety hadden veel snellere detectie van external (trembling device) dan internal probes bij no threat, maar bij social threat opeens meer internal probes (dus social threat leidt tot internally focused attention ipv op de buitenkant letten)

Question 45

wat doet selective attention

Answer 45

increases conscious awareness of danger and confirms negative beliefs. socially anxious people become more anxious when you instruct them to focus on themselves.

Question 46

cognitive bias modification: werkt niet goed als alleen staande therapie

Answer 46

oke

Question 47

wat liet het onderzoek met likelihood of negative interpretation of ambiguous social and nonsocial scenarios zien

Answer 47

Results revealed that GSPs (= generalised social phobia) (but not NACs (non anxious controls) or OCs (obsessive compulsive disorder)) tended to choose a negative interpretation for ambiguous social scenarios even when a positive interpretation was available. This bias was specific to self-relevant scenarios, not seen in their evaluation of what a typical person may think. These results support the hypothesis that a specific negative interpretation bias may be involved in the maintenance of social phobia.

Question 48

wat is het verschil offline vs online

Answer 48

- Offline (slow/elaborated/rule based) – SA have negative interpretations about social situations - Online (fast/automatic/ associative) – SA lack positivity bias

Question 49

two routes

Answer 49

- rule based - associative

Question 50

rule based =

Answer 50

- controlled - conscious - intentional - inefficient - slow - flexible - logical

Question 51

associative =

Answer 51

- automatic - can be unconscious - non intentional - efficient - fast - rigid - associative

Question 52

wat gebeurt er met deze 2 routes in anxiety als je een spin ziet bijvoorbeeld

Answer 52

associative: activation of threat related associations rule based: interpretation as threat -> validation of threat -> behavioural decision

Question 53

wat zijn dysfunctional schemata and core beliefs voor soort route

Answer 53

automatic, fast and associative, sometimes not conscious

Question 54

Cognitive framework that helps organize knowledge and guide cognitive processes and behavior.

Answer 54

* Social schema (threat/rejection) * Self-schema (no control/weak) * World view (danger)

Question 55

- Anxiety affects what a person thinks and how a person behaves. - These processes can be conscious, as well as associatively and unconsciously. - Processing biases are interconnected, along with other cognition, emotions, and behavior. - Models assist us in gaining an overview of potential relationships, informing both research and clinical practice.

Answer 55

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