Lecture 3 - Cranium, Meninges and Ventricles

Question 1

A reversible impairment of neurologic function following an injury to the head may be referred to as what?

Answer 1

Concussion

Question 2

A patient presents with symptoms including headache, unsteadiness, slurred speech, nausea and double vision. In the subjective interview, you learn that they recently played in a game of football. What condition is this person presenting with?

Answer 2

Concussion

Question 3

What is the pathology behind a concussion?

Answer 3

Transient biochemically induced disruptions in neurotransmitter release within 25-50 ms of impact. Shearing forces may also disrupt axon function.

Question 4

Reappearance of certain symptoms days or weeks after the original concussion is known as _____?

Answer 4

Post concussion syndrome

Question 5

_____ and ______ are two conditions that may be the result of repeated concussions.

Answer 5

1) Boxer’s Dementia

2) Second Impact Syndrome

Question 6

The ____, ______ and ____ allow for passage of the carotid artery, jugular vein and spinal cord through the skull, respectively.

Answer 6

1) Carotid canal
2) Jugular foramen
3) Foramen magnum

Question 7

The anterior cranial fossa contains the base of the _____ lobe. The middle cranial fossa contains part of the ____ lobe. The posterior cranial fossa contains the ___ and ______.

Answer 7

1) frontal lobe
2) temporal lobe
3) cerebellum
4) brainstem

Question 8

The ____ are the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

Answer 8

Meninges

Question 9

The dura mater is composed of an outer ____ layer and an inner _____ layer.

Answer 9

1) Periosteal

2) Meningeal

Question 10

The ____ layer continues through the foramen magnum as the dura mater of the spinal cord.

Answer 10

Meningeal

Question 11

Located laterally, the ____ lies between the skull and the periosteal layer in the ____ and supplies the dura mater.

Answer 11

1) Middle meningeal artery

2) Epidural space

Question 12

The periosteal and meningeal layers are closely united, except where they separate to form ____ to drain blood from the cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 12

Venous sinuses

Question 13

The _____ is a sickle shaped fold of dura mater, specifically the _____ layer. It lies between the two cerebral hemispheres.

Answer 13

1) Falx cerebri

2) Meningeal

Question 14

The ____ is a crescent/tent shaped fold of ____ that covers the _____.

Answer 14

1) Tentorium cerebelli
2) dura mater
3) cerebellum

Question 15

The ____ is a gap in the anterior edge of the tentorium cerebelli and allows for passage of the midbrain.

Answer 15

Tentorial notch

Question 16

The ____ is a small vertical fold of dura mater that lies between the _____ hemispheres.

Answer 16

1) Falx cerebelli

2) Cerebellar hemispheres

Question 17

The _____, a thin membrane with a spidery appearance, is separated from the dura mater by a potential space known as the _____.

Answer 17

1) Arachnoid mater

2) subdural space

Question 18

The arachnoid mater is separated from the pia mater by way of the ____, a potential space filled with ____, cerebral arteries, veins and cranial nerves.

Answer 18

1) Subarachnoid space

2) CSF

Question 19

What type of blood vessel can be found in the subdural space?

Answer 19

Bridging veins

Question 20

_____ are strands of collagenous connective tissue that extend from the arachnoid to the pia mater.

Answer 20

Arachnoid trabeculae

Question 21

Areas where there are poolings of CSF are known as _____.

Answer 21

Subarachnoid cisterns

Question 22

Arachnoid villi are grouped together to form ______, which are outgrowths of archnoid that project through the meningeal dura into venous sinuses.

Answer 22

Arachnoid granulations

Question 23

Diffusion of CSF into the bloodstream occurs at the _____.

Answer 23

Arachnoid granulations

Question 24

The ____ is a delicate membrane that closely adheres to the surface of the brain. It descends into ____.

Answer 24

1) Pia mater

2) sulci

Question 25

The ____ is where arteries and veins penetrate the pia when they enter and leave the brain substance.

Answer 25

Perivascular space

Question 26

Meningeal spaces are a potential site for bleeding, known as an _______, in response to traumatic or atraumatic events.

Answer 26

Intracranial hemorrhage

Question 27

Intracranial hemorrhages are classified based on location.L List 3 types of these bleeds.

Answer 27

1) Epidural hematoma 2) subdural hematoma 3) subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 28

An epidural hematoma is usually caused by a rupture of the _____.

Answer 28

Middle meningeal artery

Question 29

Subdural hematoma is usually caused by rupture of ____.

Answer 29

Bridging veins

Question 30

___ subdural hematoma occurs from a high velocity impact, while ___ subdural hematomas are seen in elderly populations with cerebral atrophy, where the brain moves more freely in the cranial vault.

Answer 30

1) Acute | 2) Chronic

Question 31

______ ______ ______ occurs due to rupture of arterial aneurysm in the subarachnoid space. This produces a sudden severe headache.

Answer 31

Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

Question 32

____ are cavities within the brain that are lined with _____, which produce _____.

Answer 32

1) Ventricles 2) Ependymal cells 3) CSF

Question 33

The ____ are c-shaped cavities present in each cerebral hemisphere.

Answer 33

Lateral ventricles

Question 34

The ____ is the roof of the lateral ventricles.

Answer 34

Corpus callosum

Question 35

The structure of the lateral ventricles consist of a _____ , _____, _____ and _____.

Answer 35

1) Frontal (anterior) horn 2) Body 3) Temporal (inferior) horn 4) Occipital (posterior) horn

Question 36

The ____ is located between the inferior horn and posterior horn of the lateral ventricles.

Answer 36

Atrium

Question 37

The lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle through the _____.

Answer 37

Interventricular foramen of Monro

Question 38

The ____ is a slit like cleft between the two thalami.

Answer 38

Third ventricle

Question 39

The third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle by the ____.

Answer 39

Cerebral aqueduct

Question 40

The ____ is a tent-shaped cavity that is located anterior to the _____, posterior to the ___ and superior half of ____.

Answer 40

1) Fourth ventricle 2) Cerebellum 3) Pons 4) Medulla

Question 41

The fourth ventricle continues below as the ____.

Answer 41

Central canal

Question 42

Three apertures take CSF from the fourth ventricle and take it back to the subarachnoid space. What are these apertures called?

Answer 42

(1) Foramen of Magendie (medial) | 2) Foramen of Luschka (lateral apertures

Question 43

The ___ is a clear, colourless fluid that is formed from the ______ of the lateral, third and fourth ventricles.

Answer 43

1) CSF | 2) Choroid plexuses

Question 44

The ____ is a tuft of blood vessels covered by a layer of ependymal cells.

Answer 44

Choroid plexus

Question 45

CSF is absorbed into ______ which project into dural venous sinuses.

Answer 45

Arachnoid villi (granulations)

Question 46

CSF travels from the lateral ventricle, through the ____ into the third ventricle. From here, it moves through the _____ into the fourth ventricle. CSF then either moves into the central canal of the spinal cord, or moves through the Foramina of ____ and _____ into the subarachnoid space.

Answer 46

1) Foramina of Monroe 2) Cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) 3) Luschka 3) Magendie

Question 47

_____ is the result of enlargement of the ventricles due to obstructed flow of CSF at any point in the ventricles or subarachnoid space.

Answer 47

Hydrocephalus

Question 48

The etiology for infant hydrocephalus is ____.

Answer 48

Hemorrhage

Question 49

Why is brain tissue spared in infant hydrocephalus?

Answer 49

Skull is soft and not completely formed, enabling expansion of the head in response to increased intracranial fluid.

Question 50

A patient presents with headache, vomiting, ocular palsie, back pain and swelling of the optic disc. What condition may they be suffering from?

Answer 50

Adult hydrocephalus