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Neuromotor Function 1 > Lecture 4 - Blood Supply > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Blood Supply Flashcards

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1
Q

Unconsciousness occurs in - seconds if blood flow to brain is completely interrupted.

A

5-10

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2
Q

Blood flow to CNS delivers ___, ____, and ___.

Blood flow to CNS removes ____, ____, and ____.

A

delivers: O2, glucose, nutrients

removes CO2, lactic acid, metabolites

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3
Q

The ____ supplies the anterior circulation. The _____ supplies the posterior circulation.

A

paired internal carotid arteries, paired vertebral arteries

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4
Q

What do the paired internal carotid artery pass through to enter the cranium?

A

carotid canal

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5
Q

How do the paired vertebral arteries pass through to enter the cranium?

A

foramina transverseria to the foramen magnum

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6
Q

Trace the path of the anterior supply from the heart to just as it enters the cranium.

A

Right (aorta -> brachiocephalic artery -> right common carotid artery -> internal carotid artery -> carotid canal)
Left (aorta -> left common carotid artery -> internal carotid artery ->carotid canal)

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7
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the common carotid artery?

A

internal & external

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8
Q

External carotid artery supplies what 3 structures?

A

face, scalp and meninges

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9
Q

Which branch of the external carotid artery runs in epidural space between the cranium and the periosteal layer of the dura?

A

middle meningeal artery

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10
Q

The middle meningeal artery enters the skull through what?

A

foramen spinosum

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11
Q

What does the middle meningeal artery supply? Rupture of the middle meningeal artery would give rise to hemorrhage where?

A

dura mater; epidural space

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12
Q

What are the 5 branches of the internal carotid artery?

A 
Opthalmic
Posterior Communicating
Anterior Choroidal
Anterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
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13
Q

What other structure runs alongside the opthalmic artery through the optic foramen?

A

optic nerve

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14
Q

The Opthalmic artery supplies what structure?

A

retina

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15
Q

The Posterior Communicating Artery runs in which direction and joins what 2 arteries?

A

posterior;

posterior cerebral artery and internal carotid artery

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16
Q

The Posterior Communicating Artery forms part of what structure?

A

Circle of Willis

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17
Q

The Anterior Choroidal Artery supplies _____ structures, namely _____, ______, and _____.

A

deep;
basal ganglia
thalamus
internal capsule

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18
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Bunch of tightly packed axons descending from the cerebrum (part of the frontal lobe), running anterior ->posterior.

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19
Q

The Anterior Cerebral Artery travels in what structure of the brain?

A

sagittal fissure

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20
Q

The Anterior Communicating Artery joins what?

A

the Anterior Cerebral Arteries from each side

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21
Q

T/F: The Anterior Cerebral Artery runs over the thalamus.

A

False (runs over corpus callosum)

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22
Q

The Anterior Cerebral Artery travels in the _______ space and sends penetrating branches to cortex and ____ matter

A

sub-archnoid; white

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23
Q

The cortical (surface) branches of the Anterior Cerebral Artery supply which section of the cerebrum?

A

anterior-medial

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24
Q

T/F: The cortical branches of the Anterior Cerebral artery supply the primary somatosensory region. Does it supply all sections of the primary somatosensory regions?

A

True; mostly medial section

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25
The Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies the motor and sensory cortical areas for the ____ limbs.
lower
26
How are deep structures of the brain supplied?
supplied by small penetrating branches from initial segments of main cerebral arteries
27
Deep branch of the Anterior Cerebral Artery supplies ____ and ____.
basal ganglia and internal capsule.
28
Which three arteries both supply the basal ganglia and the internal capsule?
Anterior Choroidal Artery Anterior Cerebral Artery Middle Cerebral Artery
29
What is the significance of the Recurrent | artery of Heubner?
Common area checked for plaque deposits impeding circulation.
30
What is the largest branch of the Internal Carotid Artery?
Middle Cerebral Artery
31
The Middle Cerebral Artery runs ____ in the ____ fissure.
laterally; Sylvian
32
The cortical (surface) branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery supply mostly the ____ surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
lateral
33
Infarct of the Middle Cerebral Artery, supplying the lateral part of the primary motor and sensory cortex, will show deficits mainly in which 2 parts of the body?
upper extremities and face
34
Deep penetrating branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery supply which 2 structures?
basal ganglia & internal capsule
35
What are lenticulostriate arteries and where are they located?
They're the deep penetrating branches of the Middle Cerebral Artery and are located deep.
36
What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)? What are the 2 main types of CVAs? Of the two which is most common?
A sudden death of brain tissue by a lack of oxygen and glucose delivery due to interrupted blood supply. 2 types: ischemic (most common) & hemorrhagic
37
Which is more common: anterior circulation stroke or posterior circulation stroke?
anterior circulation stroke
38
What are the 3 causes of ischemic stroke?
1. Atherosclerotic plaque/thrombosis 2. Thrombo-embolus 3. Embolus
39
Define: Thrombosis, Thrombo-embolus, and Embolus.
Thrombosis: blood clot (usually plaque) Thrombo-embolus: blood clot that has traveled from artery to artery within the brain Embolus: blood clot that traveled to the brain from a different location
40
What is a hemorrhagic stroke? What are the 4 causes?
A rupture of weak vessel wall causing blood to leak into brain tissue around it. 1. longstanding hypertension 2. rupture of aneurysm 3. arteriovenous malformation 4. trauma to head
41
What are the 2 categories of intracranial hemorrhage?
intracerebral hemorrhage | subarachnoid hemorrhage
42
T/F: The Middle Cerebral Artery is a common site for hemorrhagic stroke.
False (ischemic)
43
What kind of deficits would be typical of Middle Cerebral Artery large vessel infarcts (on surface of cerebrum)?
motor and sensory loss, especially affecting the face and upper limb; speech/language
44
Why are lenticulostriate arteries prone to infarcts (2 reasons)?
1. b/c prone to narrowing with hypertension | 2. b/c prone to rupturing
45
Trace the path of the posterior circulation from heart to just as it enters the cranium.
aorta -> subclavian artery -> vertebral artery
46
Branches from the _____ artery supplies the spinal chord.
vertebral
47
Describe the blood supply to the spinal chord.
There are paired posterior spinal arteries and one anterior spinal artery.
48
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery is a branch of what main artery?
Vertebral Artery
49
The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery supplies what 2 structures?
1. Inferior surface of cerebellum | 2. Medulla oblongata
50
What is the lowest part of the brain?
medulla oblongata
51
Which arteries join to form the Basilar Artery? Where on the brain does this occur?
vertebral arteries; lower border of the pons
52
What are the 5 branches of the Basilar Artery?
(Hint: LAPPS) 1. Lasbyrinthine artery 2. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery 3. Pontine arteries 4. Posterior CEREBRAL artery 5. superior cerebellar artery
53
Are the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries and the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries supplied by the same main artery?
No Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries (Basilar Artery) Posterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries (Vertebral artery)
54
Posterior Cerebral Arteries: the cortical branches supply which 2 lobes of the brain?
occipital and temporal
55
The damage of which 2 arteries could lead to vision damage?
Opthalmic arteries and Posterior Cerebral arteries
56
The deep branches of the Posterior Cerebral Arteries supply which 3 structures?
thalamus, midbrain, posterior part of internal capsule
57
Define the Circle of Willis.
A "circle‟ of anastomoses of anterior and posterior circulations
58
Since all major cerebral vessels communicate via the Circle of Willis it serves as what?
a back up for cerebral circulation b/c of collateral circulation
59
List the 7 arteries included in the Circle of Willis.
``` Anterior cerebral arteries Anterior communicating artery Middle cerebral artery Internal carotid artery Posterior communicating artery Posterior cerebral artery Basilar artery ```
60
What are Watershed zones an why are they clinically important?
They are regions between cerebral arteries that are highly susceptible to ischemia and infarctions.
61
Do Watershed zones get the most amount of circulation?
No: they are on the borders of the 2 arteries so they usually receive the least amount of blood flow
62
What would the Watershed zone between the Anterior Cerebral Artery and the Middle Cerebral Artery be called?
ACA - MCA watershed
63
Nearly all venous drainage of brain is via _____ _____ vein.
Internal Jugular
64
How does the internal jugular vein exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
65
Superficial veins of the cerebral hemisphere drain mainly into which 2 sinuses?
1. superior sagittal sinus | 2. cavernous sinus
66
Deep veins of the cerebral hemisphere drain into what?
great vein of Galen
67
Trace the venous drainage pathway from the superior sagittal sinus.
Superior Sagittal sinus -> Transverse Sinus -> Sigmoid Sinus -> Internal Jugular Vein
68
Trace the venous drainage pathway from the cavernous sinus.
a) Cavernous sinus ->superior petrosal sinus ->Transverse sinus -> Sigmoid sinus -> Internal jugular vein b) Cavernous sinus -> Inferior Petrosal Sinus -> Internal Jugular vein
69
Trace the venous drainage pathway from the great vein of Galen.
great vein of Galen -> inferior sagittal sinus ->straight sinus -> transverse sinus -> internal jugular vein
70
Define the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a separation of circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
71
List the 4 ways in which the BBB maintains an optimum environment for CNS function.
1. maintains brain electrolyte levels 2. modulates entry of various substrates into the CNS (e.g. glucose levels) 3. removes waste products 4. excludes toxins
72
What are the 2 main features of a brain capillary (as opposed to a systemic capillary) which forms the BBB?
tight junctions between endothelial cells; astrocytes
73
Where is the choroid plexus located? Describe how the barrier forms between the blood and the CSF in the choroid plexus.
ventricles; capillaries in the choroid plexus are permeable but there's a layer of choroid epithelial cells that separate the capillaries from the ventricles. These epithelial cells have tight junctions which prevent the blood from mixing with the CSF.
74
Separate the following into those that would cross and wouldn't cross the BBB: - O2 - alcohol - potassium - lipid insoluble molecules - lipid soluble molecules - lipid soluble drugs - large molecules
Would cross BBB: o2, CO2, lipid soluble drugs, alcohol | Would not cross BBB: potassium, lipid insoluble molecules, large molecules
75
The Blood Brain Barrier could break down due to what 4 things? If the BBB does break down, it could cause what 2 disorders?
infection, brain tumour, trauma, stroke; | encephalitis, excessive fluid (edema) in interstitial space

Neuromotor Function 1 (21 decks)

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