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Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 > Lecture 3: Cytology and Hystology > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Cytology and Hystology Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Lack membrane surrounding nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus,

Somatic & Sex cells

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3
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Normal human body cells,

46 in humans (chromosomes)

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4
Q

Sex Cells

A

Egg & Sperm,

23 in humans

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Little cellular organs in eukaryotic cell

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipids embedded with proteins

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

High concentration of solute to low concentration of solute

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8
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water,

High water concentration to low water concentration

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9
Q

Protein Functions in Plasma Membrane

A 
Anchoring,
Recognition,
Enzymes, 
Receptors,
Carriers,
Channels,
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10
Q

Carbohydrate Functions in Plasma Membrane

A

Anchoring,
Protection,
Receptors,
Recognition

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11
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

No energy expended by cell,
Decreases the charge and concentration differences between cell exterior and interior,
Automatic reaction from molecular slam dancing

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12
Q

Active Transport

A

Transports molecules against electrochemical gradient,

Energy in form of ATP,

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13
Q

ATPase Pumps

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump,
Moves Na+ out of cell and K+ into cell,
Maintains homeostasis from ‘leaky’ cells

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14
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Form of active transport (uses ATP) but not against a concentration gradient,
endocytosis,
exocytosis

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15
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of cell engulfing a particle/substance,
Phagocytosis,
Pinocytosis

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing a solid

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17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfing a liquid

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of a cell discharging a particle from the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, info, etc,

Surrounded by double-membrane nuclear envelope

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make Proteins,
Made of RNA and protein,
Large/small subunits,
Found in cytosol (intracellular fluid) and on rough ER

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Folds and modifies proteins that were sent to it

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging and shipping center,
Sends proteins where to go, packaged in vesicles,
Stack of pancakes

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23
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis for membrane replacement,
Breakdown of hydrophobic toxins

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24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell,
ATP production is it’s core function,
High surface area allows more reactions

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25
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Garbage trucks of cells, Storage and waste processing, Contains enzymes that breakdown, recycle, clean up waste products of the cell
26
Cytoskeleton
Gives the cell shape and aids cell movement and transport of materials within the cell, Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules
27
Actin Filaments
Smallest, Interact w/ myosin to cause cell movements (cell crawling, cytokinesis, cytoplasmic streaming), Muscle contractions
28
Intermediate Filaments
Medium, Defined by size instead of by composition, Provide structural support for the cell
29
Microtubules
Largest, | Hollow tubes made of protein that transport vesicles
30
Centrosomes
Anchor the cytoskeleton, 1 at each 'pole' of the cell that contain 2 centrioles, Help chromosomes split evenly
31
DNA
Forms a double helix, | Contains all genetic informations for making an organism
32
RNA
3 kinds, rRNA, mRNA, tRNA
33
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, | Forms part of ribosomes
34
mRNA
Messenger RNA, | Carries message from DNA
35
tRNA
Transfer RNA, | Brings correct amino acid to ribosomes
36
Transcription
Reading and copying DNA, | RNA polymerase is the enzyme used
37
Translation
Ribosomes use rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA to make the proteins from the DNA copy
38
Genotype
Pairing of alleles
39
Phenotype
Outward expression of a genotype
40
Essential Amino Acids
Must be consumed
41
Nonessential Amino Acids
Can be made in the body
42
Codon
Groups of 3 bases within mRNA sequence that codes for specific amino acid
43
Mitosis
Divides cell evenly in 2,
44
Meiosis
2 Rounds of mitosis without replication, | Results in sex cells with half number of chromosomes
45
Histology
Study of tissues
46
Tissues
Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific functions
47
Epithelial Tissue
``` Forms surfaces and linings in/on body, Protects, Controls permeability, Provide sensation, Produce specialized secretions Epithelia & Glandular ```
48
Epithelia Cellularity
Connections
49
Gap Junctions
In epithelia, | Allows transfer of ions
50
Desmosomes
In epithelia, | Glue like connections
51
Apical
In epithelia, | In contact with external
52
Basal
In epithelia, | In contact with internal
53
Epithelia Attachment
Basement membranes anchor tissue to other tissues
54
Avascular
No blood
55
Regeneration
Replacement of damaged cells/tissues, Follows tissue injury, Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers (scar tissue), Some tissues heal better than others
56
Squamous Epithelia
Thin, Flat, Scale Like
57
Cuboidal Epithelia
Square
58
Columnar Epithelia
Rectangle
59
Simple Epithelia Layers
Single layer
60
Stratified Epithelia Layers
Two or more layers
61
Transitional Epithelium
Can stretch without damage
62
Exocrine Glands
Release products/secretions through a duct onto an internal or external surface
63
Endocrine Glands
Release products/hormones directly into blood/tissue fluids
64
Merocrine
Product released via exocytosis
65
Apocrine
Product released when apical surface ruptures when full
66
Holocrine
Product released when cell is full and entire cell ruptures
67
Connective Tissue Proper
Consists of several cell types within a matrix of fibers and ground substance
68
Fibroblasts
Make tissue
69
Fibrocytes
Maintain tissue
70
Macrophages
WBC, | Phagocyte
71
Fat Cells
Store energy
72
Mast Cells
WBC, | Immune/inflammatory responses, releases histamine
73
Collagen Fibers
Most common
74
Elastic Fibers
Return to original shape after stretching
75
Reticular Fibers
Create organ framework
76
Ground Substances
Thick fluid that surrounds cells and fibers in Connective Tissue Proper, Slows movement of pathogens
77
Loose Connective Tissue
Deep, Separates skin from underlying muscles, Includes adipose tissue (fat tissue)
78
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Collagen fibers are parallel to one another, Go in one direction, Tendons and ligaments, Muscle to bone
79
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Collagen fibers are not parallel, Form a mesh, Skin/joint capsules, Multiple directions
80
Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood & Lymph
81
Lymph
Liquid portion of blood that leaves capillaries and is brought back to the blood stream eventually
82
Supporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage and Bone
83
Cartilage
Contains living cells called chondrocytes that maintain the cartilage
84
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common, Nasal, Joints, Rib
85
Elastic Cartilage
Contains many elastic fibers, Stretches, Outer ear, Epiglottis,
86
Fibrocartilage
Very tough, Very little movement, Intervertebral discs, Pubic Symphysis
87
Muscle Tissue
Capable of contraction/allows for movement, Skeletal (move joints, skin moving on face), Cardiac (heart, involuntary), Smooth (involuntary)
88
Neural Tissue
Conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
89
Membranes
Layers of a epithelial and connective tissue combination
90
Mucous Membrane
Secretes mucous, | Lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body (digestive, respiratory)
91
Serous Membrane
``` Line internal subdivisions of ventral body cavities, Pleura (lungs), Peritoneum (abdomen), Pericardium (heart), Parietal and visceral layers ```
92
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin
93
Synovial Membrane
Decreases friction, | Surrounds synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid
94
Inflammation
Tissue response to injury and infection, Mast cells release histamine and heparin, Local blood vessels dilate, Local pain sensing nerve endings fire,
95
Signs of Inflammation (5)
``` Heat, Redness, Swelling (leaking fluid), Pain, Loss of function ```

Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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