lecture 3 – electrolytes Flashcards
1
Q
what are the ECG changes for hypokalemia
A
- flat T-wave
- depressed ST segment
- P waves peak
- prolonged QRS
- V-tach
- V-fib
2
Q
what are the ECG changes for hyperkalemia?
A
- peaked T-waves
- ST segment depression
- widened QRS complex
- V-fib
- heat block
- cardiac standstill
3
Q
causes
hyperkalemia
A
- impaired renal excretion
- excess K+ administration
- ACEs + ARBs
- Spironolactone
- extensive skeletal muscle destruction
4
Q
how do you treat hyperkalemia?
A
- force K+ into ICF
- increase K+ excretion
- stop intake of K+
5
Q
what does hyperkalemia do for cellular conduction?
A
- decrease rate of ventricular depolarization(wide QRS)
- shortens repolarization
- depresses AV conduction
6
Q
what are the ECG changes for hypercalcemia?
A
- short ST segment
- short QT interval
7
Q
what are the ECG changes for hypocalcemia?
A
- V-tach
- prolonged ST segment
- prolonged QT interval
8
Q
mechanism
hypocalcemia
A
- decreased contractility
- reduced cardiac output
- hypotension
9
Q
how does hypercalcemia affect the heart?
A
- strengthens contractility
- shortens ventricular repolarization
10
Q
how do you treat hypocalcemia?
A
- Ca+ & Vit D supplements
- IV calcium gluconate
- seizure precautions
11
Q
treatment
hypercalcemia
A
- increased weight bearing activities
- calcitonin
- increase fluid intake
- bisphosphonates
