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Endocrinology > Lecture 3: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Hypothalamus-Pituitary Relationship Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 important nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

1) PVN (paraventricular nucleus)
2) POA (Preoptic nucleus)
3) ARC (arcuate nucleus)
4) SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus)
5) SON (supraoptic nucleus)

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2
Q

What are the 5 important nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

1) PVN (paraventricular nucleus)
2) POA (Preoptic nucleus)
3) ARC (arcuate nucleus)
4) SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus)
5) SON (supraoptic nucleus)

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3
Q

What differentiates the different hypothalamic nuclei?

A

enzymes

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4
Q

True or false: the hypothalamus lies inside the blood brain barrier?

A

FALSE; the floor of the hypothalamus sits at the medial eminence (ME) which is outside the BBB and is the convergence point for axons

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5
Q

Which nucleus controls sleep?

A

SCN

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6
Q

Which nucleus controls feeding behavior/satiety?

A

ARC

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7
Q

Which nucleus controls thirst?

A

PVN

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8
Q

Which nucleus controls reproduction?

A

POA

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9
Q

Which nucleus controls mood/emotion/stress?

A

PVN/ARC

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10
Q

Which nucleus controls body temperature?

A

POA

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11
Q

Which nucleus controls blood pressure?

A

PVN

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12
Q

What 7 hormones are released from the hypothalamus?

A

1) GnRH
2) GnIH
3) CRH
4) TRH
5) GHRH
6) Somatostatin
7) Dopamine

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13
Q

Which nucleus releases GnRH?

A

POA

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14
Q

Which nucleus releases CRH and TRH?

A

PVN

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15
Q

Which nucleus releases GHRH and Dopamine?

A

arcuate nucleus

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16
Q

What is the pituitary target of dopamine?

A

lactotrope - prolactin

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17
Q

What is the pituitary target of GnRH/GnIH?

A

gonadotropes - FSH and LH

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18
Q

What is the pituitary target of CRH?

A

corticotrope - ACTH

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19
Q

What is the pituitary target of TRH?

A

thyrotrope - TSH

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20
Q

What is the pituitary target of GHRH and Somatostatin?

A

Somatotrope (GH)

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21
Q

What is the function of Somatostatin?

A

to INHIBIT GH

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22
Q

What is the function of Somatostatin?

A

to INHIBIT GH

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23
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act via cAMP second messengers?

A

CRH, GHRG, Somatostatin (GHIH)

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24
Q

Which hypothalamic hormones act via IP3/DAG/PKC second messengers?

25
Which hypothalamic hormones act via IP3/DAG/PKC second messengers?
TRH, GnRH
26
Describe neurons that release GnRH?
cell bodies in forebrain, axons in median eminence | very few of them; only 1500-2000
27
How large is GnRH?
decapeptide (10aa)
28
What is Kallman Syndrome?
rare genetic disease where GnRH neurons fail to enter the CNS. Characterized by anosmia and reproductive failure (these neurons originate in olfactory placode)
29
What is Kallman Syndrome?
rare genetic disease where GnRH neurons fail to enter the CNS. Characterized by anosmia and reproductive failure (these neurons originate in olfactory placode)
30
Where do GnRH neurons originate?
nose, have to migrate thru cribiform plate to get to brain
31
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
vascular connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary | discovered because when pituitaries were transplanted to other locations, they stopped secreting hormone
32
What pattern is GnRH released in?
PULSATILE fashion throughout the day | pulsatility required for turnover of receptors
33
How is LH pulsatility fashioned after GnRH?
occurs slightly after GnRH burst
34
What 2 hormones does GnRH stimulate release of from the pituitary?
LH and FSH
35
What subunit remains the same across TSH, FSH, LH, hCG? What changes?
alpha stays the same | beta changes
36
What determines whether FSH or LH is released from pituitary in response to GnRH?
pulse frequency | more pulses --> more LH (fewer pulses --> more FSH)
37
Which GnRH stimulated intracellular pathway stimulates hormone release? synthesis?
IP3/Ca++ --> hormone release | DAG/PKC --> hormone synthesis
38
What are the 2 major pathways of hypothalamic-pituitary connection?
1) tuberoinfundibular system | 2) neurohypophysial tract
39
What is the tuberoinfundibular system?
all neurons that send axonal projections to the median eminence. Hormones target the anterior pituitary thru the capillary system
40
What is the neurohypophysial tract?
all neurons whose axons terminate in posterior pituitary (cell bodies still in hypothalamus)
41
The pituitary gland sits in what bony structure in the brain?
sella turcica
42
The pituitary gland sits in what bony structure in the brain?
sella turcica
43
What are the 3 parts of the anterior pituitary?
1) Pars distalis 2) Pars tuberalis 3) Pars intermedia
44
What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?
1) Pars nervosa | 2) Infundibulum (stalk)
45
What are the 2 parts of the posterior pituitary?
1) Pars nervosa | 2) Infundibulum (stalk)
46
Which half of the pituitary is derived from from neural tissue? Which half is more glandular?
Posterior (neurohypophysis) - neural tissue Anterior (adenohypophysis) - glandular
47
Which half of the pituitary is referred to as the adenohypophysis?
Anterior (A and A) | glandular - cords of epithelial cells
48
Which half of the pituitary is referred to as the neurohypophysis?
Posterior | neural - terminal axons and glial cells
49
What is the major blood supply in the posterior pituitary?
inferior hypophysial artery (NOT part of portal system)
50
What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
AVP and oxytocin
51
What are magnocellular neurons and where are they?
cell bodies in hypothalamus; axons extend into the posterior pituitary
52
What kind of capillaries are found in the posterior pituitary?
fenestrated (axons terminate near them)
53
What are herring bodies and where are they found?
dilations of unmyelinated axons near terminals. They are found in the posterior pituitary right near the capillaries
54
What do Herring bodies contain?
AVP or oxytocin plus binding protein, neurophysin
55
Where is the median eminence and why is it important?
floor of the 3rd ventricle, outside of the BBB. It is the interface for all hypophysiotrophic hormones
56
What are the 5 major anterior pituitary cell types?
1) Somatotrophs (GH) 2) Lactotrophs (prolactin) 3) Corticotrophs (ACTH) 4) Gonadotrophs (LH/FSH) 5) Thyrotrophs (TSH)
57
What two anterior pituitary cell types are classified as acidophils? (also the most abundant in the anterior pituitary? 40%)
1) somatotrophs (GH) | 2) lactotrophs (prolactin)
58
What 3 anterior pituitary cell types are classified as basophils? 10%
1) corticotrophs (ACTH) 2) gonadotrophs (LH/FSH) 3) thyrotrophs (TSH)
59
What makes up the remaining 50% of ant. pit. mass?
Chromophobes (responsible for paracrine actions)

Endocrinology (16 decks)

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