Lecture 3: Intro to Musculoskeleteal System

Question 1

Axial Skeleton?

Answer 1

Trunk, skull, neck

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

Limbs, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle

Question 3

long bones in arms and legs

Answer 3

humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, femur, fibula

Question 4

hand and feet bones

Answer 4

metacarpals, carpal bones, phalanges; metatarsals, tarsal bones, phalanges

Question 5

different types of bony features

Answer 5

functional, adjacent structure applies a force, adjacent structure develops at the same time

Question 6

what are skeletons made up of?

Answer 6

bones and cartilage

Question 7

Bones are..?

Answer 7

hard connective tissue, not flexible, connected to skeletal muscles, provide support and protection, calcium metabolism, production of red blood cells

Question 8

cartilage is…?

Answer 8

more flexible, normally located where movement is required (e.g. at articulations)

Question 9

name 3 types of joints and which are more mobile

Answer 9

synovial (most flexible), cartilaginous, fibrous

Question 10

what are mobility and stability in terms of joints

Answer 10

inversely proportional e.g. shoulder

Question 11

5 facts about joints

Answer 11

joints have many sensory nerves
the receptors for sensory nerves detect pain, temp, touch and proprioception
joints are supplied by articular branches
periarticular arterial anastomoses are common
arteries can be damaged by dislocation

Question 12

general intro to skeletal muscles?

Answer 12

tough fibrous connective tissue, they allow movement, are found in the deep fascia

Question 13

what’re the different types of skeletal muscles

Answer 13

flat with aponeurosis, fusiform, quadrate, pennate, circular

Question 14

what is aponeurosis

Answer 14

flattened tendon therefore associated with flat muscles, attach muscle to soft tissue

Question 15

how to name muscles

Answer 15

shape, location, bony attachment, main movement, size

Question 16

what are the 2 points of skeletal muscle attachment called

Answer 16

origin and insertion

Question 17

what is contraction

Answer 17

when the origin and insertion move closer together by the skeletal muscle

Question 18

by what axis do the muscle fibres shorten along

Answer 18

long axis

Question 19

what is the difference between ligaments and tendons

Answer 19

ligaments connect muscle to muscle, tendons connect muscle to bone

Question 20

where are tendons found

Answer 20

at either end of muscle

Question 21

what is the direction of movement based upon?

Answer 21

which side of the joint the muscle spans

Question 22

how can the action of any joint be figured out

Answer 22

which joint is spanned
the long axis of the muscle fibres
the shapes of the articular surfaces of the joints
aspects of the joint that is spanned?

Question 23

why is the deltoid joint so special?

Answer 23

has 3 different origins and 1 insertion.
posterior fibres allow for extension of shoulder
middle fibres allow for abduction of shoulder
anterior fibres allow for flexion of shoulder

Question 24

what are the 2 main skeletal muscle reflexes

Answer 24

stretch reflex and flexion withdrawal reflex

Question 25

what is flexion withdrawal reflex?

Answer 25

sudden flexion to withdraw from danger e.g. hot hob. nerve synapses occur at spinal cord level so no brain involved

Question 26

what is a stretch reflex?

Answer 26

a hammer is used to further stretch muscle via the tendon, in order to avoid overstretching of muscle the muscle contracts resulting in a muscle-belly twitch.

Question 27

how does the stretch reflex happen at a neurone level?

Answer 27

sensory neurones detect the muscle being stitched, they synapse with a motor neurone at the spinal cord, motor neurones tell muscle to contract. descending controls from the brain prevent an over reaction by the muscle (e.g. kick)

Question 28

what would a normal stretch reflex reaction indicate?

Answer 28

``` normal function of the; sensory neurones motor neurones muscle synapses (at spinal cord and Neuromuscular junction) descending controls from the brain ```

Question 29

what is muscle paralysis

Answer 29

no functioning motor serve supply. muscle cannot contract, reduced tone

Question 30

what is muscle spasticity

Answer 30

the descending controls from brain do not work, muscle would have increased tone

Question 31

what is muscle atrophy and hypertrophy?

Answer 31

atrophy (muscle wasting): reduction of muscle fibre size, reduces muscle bulk. cause by inactivity (e.g. immobilisation) hypertrophy: muscle fibres enlarge