Lecture 3: Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the other 3 names for procedural memory?

A
  1. Implicit memory
  2. Non-declaractive
  3. Reflexive memory
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2
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Skills and habits that have been used so much they are automatic

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3
Q

What are the 2 anatomic substrates for Procedural memory and function of each?

A
  1. Cerebellum - motor skills
  2. Nucleus accumbens - non-motor
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4
Q

What is declarative (aka explicit) memory?

A

The conscious recognition/recollection of learned facts and experiences

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5
Q

Declarative (aka explicit) memory is subdivided into 2 forms, what are they and what is each used for?

A

1) Episodic = memory of events
2) Semantic = memory of words, language, and rules

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6
Q

What are the conditions of Post-tetanic stimulation?

A
  • Brief, high-frequency discharge of presynaptic neuron
  • Produces increase in NT release that lasts about 60 seconds
  • Increases probability of AP in post-synaptic cell
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7
Q

What is the mechanism of Post-tetanic stimulation?

A
  • High levels of stimulation allow more Ca2+ to enter terminal than could be “dealt” with
  • More Ca2+ = more vesicles fuse
  • Leading to greater NT release and greater probability of AP in post-synaptic cell
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8
Q

What is defined as a series of changes in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released NT?

A

Long-Term Potentiation

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9
Q

Answering a test question is an example of what kind of memory?

A

Working memory

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of Long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A
  • Increased phosphorylation of AMPA receptors and insertion of additional AMPA receptors into post-synaptic membrane
  • Eventually, activation of calcium-calmodulin-CREB mechanism
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11
Q

__________ is the process by which labile memory is stabilized (making a memory permanent)

A

Consolidation

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12
Q

Which changes are seen at the synapse for short term memory vs. long term memory?

A
  • Short term memory: associated with more synaptic chemical changes
  • Long term memory: associated with more structural changes
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13
Q

During retrieval of a memory where in the brain is the full memory reconstructed?

A

Hippocampus

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14
Q

Which part of the brain brings all the components from the cortical memories into working memory before sending this information to the hippocampus?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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15
Q

Consolidating a memory from short- to long-term requires which 4 areas of the brain?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Temporal lobes
  3. Papez circuit
  4. Cingulate cortex
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16
Q

Which area of the brain is important in prolonging the life of the cortical “trace” of a memory as we continually recall and then restore that memory?

A

Parahippocampus

17
Q

The phonological loop of working memory involves which areas?

A

Wernicke’s and Brocas area (verbal information)

18
Q

The visuospatial loop of working memory involves which area of the brain?

A

Occipital cortex

19
Q

The central executive of working memory requires which area of the brain?

A

Prefrontal cortex

20
Q

Unlike other long-term memories, a detailed memory of space is stored where?

Utilizing which cells?

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as place cells
21
Q

Where are Grid cells located and what is their function?

A
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Work in conjunction with place cells
  • Spacing and orientation between fields and a reference point
22
Q

What is believed to act as an ‘anchor’ to the entire memory?

A

Spatial memory utilizing place cells (hippocampus) and grid cells (entorhinal cortex)

23
Q

Hearing a French speaker and later noticing French food more often wherever you go is an example of implicit or explicit memory?

A

Implicit

24
Q

What are the 3 components of working (short-term) memory?

A
  1. Phonological loop
  2. Visuospatial loop
  3. Central executive
25
Q

Long-term non-declarative memproes are widely stored where?

A

Sites related to motor behavior

26
Q

Describe the mechanism during LTP that causes an increase Na+ influx in response to future ligand binding.

A
  • Calcium enters the post-synaptic cell via NMDA channels and binds to calmodulin
  • Increase in AC –> Increase in cAMP –> Phosphorylation of AMPA receptor
  • Phosphorylated AMPA remains open allowing more Na+ to enter post-synaptic cell
27
Q

Describe the mechanism during LTP that causes an increase NT release from the pre-synaptic cell.

A
  • Calcium enters the NMDA receptor and binds to calcineurin
  • Increases NOS –> produces NO which diffuses to pre-synaptic cell and increases cGMP
  • Leads to an increased NT release from the pre-synaptic cell
28
Q

Where are the Place cells located and what do they respond to?

A
  • Located in hippocampus
  • Fire when in a specific place, not just while in a room; respond even stronger when in a specific place in a room where a reward occurred