Lecture 3- Parental Investment

Question 1

What is fitness?

Answer 1

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation

Question 2

What are the two key components of fitness?

Answer 2

Direct and indirect fitness

Question 3

What is direct fitness?

Answer 3

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation as a consequence of breeding by the individuals concerned

Question 4

What is indirect fitness?

Answer 4

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation as a consequence of assisting in the breeding of related individuals

Question 5

What is inclusive fitness?

Answer 5

An individuals total fitness

Question 6

What does inclusive fitness equal?

Answer 6

Indirect fitness + direct fitness

Question 7

What is an approximate measure of inclusive fitness?

Answer 7

Lifetime reproductive success (LRS)

Question 8

What is natural selection?

Answer 8

The process by which favourable heritable traits accumulate in a population due to differential reproduction of genotypes

Question 9

What is sexual selection?

Answer 9

The process by which favourable heritable traits that increase ability to secure or attract mates accumulate in a population

Question 10

What is intra sexual selection?

Answer 10

Male-male competition (ability of males to compete with each other directly)

Question 11

What is inter sexual selection?

Answer 11

Female choice (concerned mainly with attractiveness of males to females)

Question 12

What is kin selection?

Answer 12

Process by which favorable heritable traits aimed at assisting related individuals accumulate in a population

Question 13

What is an alloparent?

Answer 13

An animal exhibiting parent-like behaviour to a juvenile of a related individual

Question 14

What is alloparental care?

Answer 14

Parent-like behaviours undertaken by a non parent animal

Question 15

3 examples of alloparental care?

Answer 15

Allosucking, provisioning, babysitting

Question 16

What is altruism/reciprocity/reciprocal altruism?

Answer 16

The process which favourable heritable traits aimed at assisting unrelated individuals accumulate in a population

Question 17

What are evolutionary stable strategies?

Answer 17

Strategy that cannot be invaded by another strategy

Question 18

What does breeding lower?

Answer 18

Longetivity

Question 19

What is semelparity?

Answer 19

Single act of reproduction during lifetime

Question 20

What is iteroparity?

Answer 20

More than one act of reproduction during lifetime

Question 21

What is reproductive senescene?

Answer 21

Reproductive output declines with age

Question 22

What is polygyny?

Answer 22

Males mate with more than one female but each female mates with only one male

Question 23

What is polyandry?

Answer 23

Females mate with more than one male but each male mates with only female

Question 24

What is polygynandry?

Answer 24

Males mate with more than one female and each female mates with more than male

Question 25

What are the benefits of multiple mating from a male perspective?

Answer 25

Increased number of young produced and decrease likelihood of genetic incompatibility with female partners

Question 26

What are the benefits of multiple mating from a female perspective?

Answer 26

Decrease genetic incompatibility, obtain genetic benefits, increased likelihood of conceiving, confuse males

Question 27

Why is confusing males a benefit of multiple mating from a female perspective?

Answer 27

Receive paternal care, reduce risk of infanticide

Question 28

Possible benefits of infanticide to males?

Answer 28

Nutritional benefits, increase reproductive opportunities, prevent misallocating paternal care

Question 29

Costs of multiple mating?

Answer 29

Increased risk of STIS's, spread of other contact mediated infections, mating related injuries, sperm competition

Question 30

What are the counter strategies used by males to counter female multiple mating strategies (7)?

Answer 30

Mate guarding, increase frequency of mating, post-copulatory lock, mating plugs, increased testes size, sperm morphology, male behaviour

Question 31

How can females bias production of young?

Answer 31

Infanticide, in utero mortality