lecture 3 [toddler diseases + immunizations] Flashcards
1
Q
what can nurses use to control children’s pain when administering immunizations?
A
- buzzy bee
- pain spray
- EMLA cream (lidocaine)
2
Q
where can nurses administer immunizations?
A
- vastus lateralis
- deltoid
3
Q
what are the side effects of Hep B immunization?
A
- redness at site
- joint pain
- anaphylaxis
4
Q
what are the contraindications for the Hep B vaccine?
A
allergy to yeast
5
Q
how is diphtheria transmitted?
A
- skin contact
- droplet
6
Q
how do the tonsils look when a child is infected with diphtheria?
A
- thick
- bluish-white patches present
7
Q
what are the manifestations for diphtheria infection?
A
- fever
- anorexia
- malaise
- cough
- hoarseness
- odor
- sore throat
8
Q
what are the complications for diphtheria?
A
- myocarditis
- ascending paralysis
9
Q
how can a nurse treat diphtheria?
A
- IV antitoxin
- Penicillin G
10
Q
how does tetanus manifest?
(5)
A
- stiff neck & jaw
- facial spasms
- difficulty swallowing
- muscle rigidity
- opisthotonus
11
Q
what are the complications for tetanus?
A
- laryngospasm
- respiratory distress
12
Q
how can a nurse treat tetanus?
A
- tetanus shot
- ICU care
- ventilator
13
Q
what are the precautions for pertussis?
A
- droplet
14
Q
what are the symptoms for pertussis?
A
- runny nose
- severe cough (whooping upon inspiration)
- spasms
- flushing
- cyanosis
- vomiting
15
Q
how do you treat pertussis?
A
- antibiotics
- steroids
16
Q
what are the side effects for DTaP?
A
- redness
- pain
- 101 fever
- fussy
17
Q
what are serious side effects of DTaP?
A
- anaphylaxis
- shock
- 102+ temp
18
Q
what are the contraindications for DTaP?
A
- previous reactions
- if immunoglobulin was received 90 days prior
19
Q
what does cocooning mean in the context of vaccination?
A
vaccinate everyone surrounding the infant
20
Q
what are the signs of poliomyelitis?
A
- fever
- HA
- stiff neck
- progressive muscular weakness
- respiratory difficulties
- paralysis
21
Q
what are the complications for poliomyelitis?
A
- permanent motor paralysis
- respiratory arrest
22
Q
what are the side effects for the IPV?
A
- swelling
- tenderness
- irritability
23
Q
what is IPV contraindicated with?
A
allergies to neomycin & streptomycin
24
Q
how are measles transmitted?
A
- airborne
- droplet (direct contact with)
25
what are the signs for *measles*?
* Koplik spots *(white or red in the mouth)*
* rashes (head to toe)
* high fever
* conjunctivitis
* coryza *(runny nose)*
* cough
26
when do rashes appear in *measles*?
3-7 days after onset
27
what are the complications for *measles*?
* pneumonia
* bronchitis
* encephalitis
28
measles
29
how are *mumps* transmitted?
direct contact
30
what are the signs for *mumps*?
* malaise
* low grade fever
* earache
* HA
* pain with chewing
* swollen parotid glands
31
what are the complications for *mumps*?
* orchitis
* deafness
32
what are the precautions for *Rubella*?
droplet
33
what are the signs for *Rubella*?
* pink rashes
* low-grade fever
* HA
* sore throat
* red & inflamed eyes
* joint pain
34
why is it *dangerous* for a pregnant woman to contract Rubella?
could potentially lead to miscarriage or stillbirth
35
what are the side effects of the *MMR* vaccine?
* fever
* redness
* rash
* joint pain
* encephalopathy
* chronic arthritis
36
what does the *Hib vaccine* prevent?
| (4); Haemophilus Influenza Type B
* bacterial meningitis
* epiglottitis
* bacterial pneumonia
* sepsis
37
how is *varicella* transmitted?
direct contact
38
what are the signs for *varicella*?
* mild fever
* malaise
* irritability
* centripetal rash *(highly pruritic)*
39
how to treat *varicella*?
* Benadryl
* IV Acyclovir
40
where does the rash start in *varicella*?
chest, face, or back
41
when is it appropriate for a child as young as *2 months* to be able to get PCV-7?
| pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
* sickle cell disease
* nephrotic syndrome
* renal failure
* organ transplants
* HIV
* cochlear implants
42
what are the signs for *scarlet fever*?
* peeling hands
* strawberry tongue
* high fever
* HA
* vomiting
* chills
* sore throat
* rash
43
what does the tongue look like for a child with *scarlet fever*?
white, strawberry tongue then red
44
what is the comorbidity for *scarlet fever*?
strep infection
45
what is most common cause for *severe diarrhea*?
rotavirus
46
what is a contraindication for the *flu vaccine*?
egg allergy
47
what are the signs & symptoms of HPV?
* genital warts
* skin warts
* warts on mucous membranes
48
what can HPV lead to?
cervical cancer
49
how does *roseola* manifest?
* 3 days of fever
* non-puritic rash *(on trunk or chest only)*
50
which organism is responsible for *roseola*?
Herpes virus 6
51
what are the signs for *Rotavirus*?
* vomiting
* watery diarrhea
* (3-8 days)
* fever
* abdominal pain
52
what is the most common sexually transmitted infection?
HPV
53
what is the incubation period for *rotavirus*?
2 days
54
at what age do children need the HPV vaccine?
11 - 12 years old
55
which virus causes *Fifths disease?*
human parovirus B19
56
what are the first manifestations of *Fifths disease*?
* "slapped cheek"
* fever
* rhinorrhea
* HA
57
what are the precautions for *Fifths disease*?
droplet precautions
58
first manifestations of *Fifths disease* show before its hallmarks of lacy rashes
true
| prodromal stage
59
how do the rashes progress for *Fifths disease*?
1. red spots appear on UE & LE
2. ***after a week*** the rash becomes itchy & spread to all body surfaces (including soles of feet)
60
what are the causes for *conjunctivitis*?
* bacterial
* viral
* Chlamydia
61
what are the signs of *conjunctivitis*?
* purulent drainage
* crusting eyelids
* swollen lids
* reddened conjuntiva
* excessive tearing
62
what is the nursing care for *stomatitis*?
* control pain
* swish & swallow
* hydration
63
which conditions make a child more susceptible to *stomatitis*?
* immunocompromise
* coxsackie virus
64
in which age group is *enterobiasis* most common?
5 - 14 year olds
65
what is the *cardinal symptom* of enterobiasis?
intense peri-anal itching
66
what are the medications for *enterobiasis*?
* Albendazole
* Pyrvinium pamoate
67
parents treating their child's *enterobiasis* with *pyrivinium pamoate* are worried their child's underwear has blood. what does the nurse say?
advise that the medication can leave red stains on clothing
68
what are the precautions for a child with *scabies*?
full contact isolation
69
which bacteria is *impetigo* caused by?
* strep
* staph
70
what are the manifestations of *impetigo*?
* pruritus
* redness
* honey-colored crusting
* yellow exudate
71
*impetigo* is the most common bacterial skin condition in children
true
72
what is the treatment for *impetigo*?
* wash 2-3 times / day w/ soap & water (or saline)
* antibiotics
* cut fingernails
* DO NOT remove crusts *(it leaves skin open for bacteria to enter)*
73
how can a nurse treat *scabies* and for how long?
use ***5% Permethrin*** to leave on for 8 - 12 hours for 7 days covering the whole body
74
how can a nurse manage head lice *(pediculosis capitis)*?
* eliminate eggs *(not louse itself)*
* separate hair sections with Q-tips
* wash the hair 2x with Nix shampoo
* use fine-toothed combs
75
how does *head lice* compare to dandruff?
head lice stick to hair shaft, while dandruff can easily be shaken from the head
76
what causes *folliculitis*?
* staph aureus
* MRSA
77
how can a nurse treat *folliculitis*?
* ABX
* DO NOT squeeze lesions
78
how can a nurse treat *oral candidiasis*?
* administer oral fungicide
* use ***Nystatin*** as an oral swab between feedings
79
*oral candidiasis* cannot be removed with a tongue blade
true
80
how can *oral candidiasis* be prevented?
* wash breasts between feedings
* wash bottles
81
how long does treatment for *oral candidiasis* take?
2 months
82
what are the types of *dermatitis*?
* contact
* diaper
* atopic
* seborrheic
83
treatments for *dermatitis*
* steroids *(reduce skin inflammation)*
* antifungals
* aloe vera *(relieve irritation)*
* skin barrier *w/ zinc oxide*
84
what are the types of *dermatophytoses*?
| (aka ringworms)
* tinea capitis
* tinea corporis
85
treatments for *dermatophytoses*
* oral *griseofluvin*
* topical *miconazole*
86
tinea capitis
87
tinea corporis
88
what is the treatment for *Lyme disease*?
Penicillin
89
how many stages are there to *Lyme disease*?
3
90
how does stage 1 of *Lyme disease* manifest?
| (9)
* fever
* HA
* stiff neck
* malaise
* fatigue
* anorexia
* conjunctivitis
* cough
* lymphadenophathy
91
how does stage 2 of *Lyme disease* manifest?
neurological, cardiac, and musculoskeletal ailments
92
how does stage 3 of *Lyme disease* manifest?
* muscle pain
* arthritis
93
what is the hallmark manifestation for *Lyme disease*?
bull's eye lesion
94
what is the medication for *Lyme disease* in 8 year olds and older?
doxycycline
95
what is the medication for *Lyme disease* in 8 year olds and younger?
penicillin
96
how long does it take for the *bull's eye lesion* to show up in Lyme disease?
3-10 weeks
97
how does *RMSF* manifest?
* 2 -3 days of fever
* malaise
* deep muscle pain
* HA
* chills
* conjunctival infection
* **rash on palms & feet**
* petechia
98
what are the complications of *RMSF*?
* DIC
* pneumonitis
* cardiac & renal shock
99
how can you treat *RMSF*?
* tetracycline
* vancomycin
| IV route
100
how do children develop their *self-concept*?
expand their explorations away from them
101
moral development is closely associated with cognitive development
true
102
until when should toddlers be in rear-facing back seats?
when they are 20 pounds
103
until when do children need to be in car seats?
when they are 4 years old or 40 pounds
104
how can a parent manage *temper tantrums*?
* ignore the behavior, not the child
* remain close
* no eye contact
* do not give in
105
at what age can a toddler start toilet training?
18 - 24 months
106
how should a parent discipline their child?
* consistent
* well-defined boundaries
107
how long do toddlers sleep?
12 hours
108
how often do toddlers nap?
once a day
109
how long does it take for a toddler to accept new food?
8 - 15 attempts
110
weight has quadrupled among toddlers from their birth weight
true
111
a lot of *toddlers* often have *physiologic anorexia*–which is normal due to their increase of activity
true
112
how much milk can toddlers drink?
2 - 3 cups a day *(16 - 24oz)*
113
when can toddlers switch to low-fat milk?
2 years old
114
what are the gross motor skills that toddlers learn?
* running
* stepping onto stairs *(two feet on each landing)*
* jumping with both feet
115
what are fine motor skills that toddlers learn?
* building tower blocks
* turns pages of a book
* turns door knobs
* unscrewing lids
* drawing crosses & circles
* hand-finger coordination
116
which level of *visual acuity* is acceptable among toddlers?
20/40
117
how do toddlers express their *sensory abilities*?
they display intense & prolonged interest in pictures
118
at what age do toddlers develop *gender identity*?
3 years old
119
*toddlers* start to employ *parallel play*
true
120
*toddlers* in their stage have fully established *object permanence*
true
121
at which cognitive stage of *Piaget* are toddlers at?
sensorimotor transitioning to ***preoperational***
122
how do toddlers operate in the *preoperational stage*?
they exhibit domestic mimicry as a demonstration of certain memories derived from making symbols of objects & people
123
in which stage of Erikson are toddlers in?
autonomy v. shame & doubt
| Stage 2
124
how much fruit juice can toddlers have per day?
4-6 oz
125
when do night terrors occur among toddlers?
in the first few hours of their sleep
126
toddlers at their stage begin to develop concepts of *punishment & obedience*
true
127
how long does it take for children to feel hot temperatures?
20 seconds
128
what does a child do when they have night terrors?
they bolt up from sleep
129
at what age do nightmares typically happen in children?
5 years old
130
when can children start learning how to brush their teeth?
2 years old
