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BMS 460 FINAL > Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

GH releasing Hormone (GHRH) targets what cell?

A

Somatotrope

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2
Q

GH releasing Hormone causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) GH

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3
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) targets what cells?

A

Somatotrope and Thyrotrope

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4
Q

Somatostatin (SRIF) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(-) GH and (-) TSH

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5
Q

Dopamine targets what cells?

A

Lactotrope

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6
Q

Dopamine causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(-) PRL

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7
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) targets what cells?

A

Lactotrope

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8
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) PRL and (+) TSH

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9
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) target what cells?

A

Gonadotropes

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10
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) FSH and (+) LH

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11
Q

Corticotropin Rel. Horm. (CRH) target what cells?

A

Corticotrope

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12
Q

Corticotropin Rel. Horm. (CRH) causes what feedback loop on hormones?

A

(+) ACTH

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13
Q

Function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

To provide blood to the hypothalamus and pituitary

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14
Q

Function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Provides the pituitary gland signals from the hypothalamus

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15
Q

The major nuclei of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

Paraventricular (PVN) and Supraoptic (SON)

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16
Q

The nuclei that secretes oxytocin

A

Paraventricular (PVN)

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17
Q

The nuclei that secrete anti-diuretic hormone

A

Supraoptic (SON)

18
Q

Other terms for anti-diuretic hormone

A

(ADH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)

19
Q

The carrier proteins of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

A

neurophysin

20
Q

The structure in which neurophysin accumulates in

A

axon dilations called Herring bodies

21
Q

Target tissues of Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Kidney and vasculature

22
Q

Target tissues of Oxytocin

A

Mammary gland and uterus

23
Q

The two major cell types that release hormones into the blood (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

A

Acidophils and Basophils

24
Q

Acidophil cells (percent in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system) - hormone

A

Somatotropes (45%) - Growth Hormone
Lactotropes (25%) - Prolactin (PRL)

25
Basophil cells (percent in hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system) - hormone
Thyrotropes (5%) - Thyrotropin (TSH) Gonadotropes (5%) - Follitropin (FSH) or Luteotropin (LH) Corticotropes (20%) - Cotricotropin (ACTH) or Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
26
How does hormonal activity work through the body? (Hint: start at synthesis and end at biological effect)
Hormone synthesis is used to control gene expresion Hormones are stored before being secreted (requires either a specific or non-specific secretion stimulus) The hormones are then transported to either a target cell receptor or back to secretion cells/cells that perform hormone synthesis for feed-back control. The target cell binds to the hormone and starts off a signal-transduction pathway, which then kicks off the biological effect
27
How can transport of hormones differ from taking the hormone straight to the target cell?
1. Metabolism: the hormones are inactivated and recycled via digestion 2. Excretion: the hormones exit the biological system
28
What are the three functions of hormone receptors?
Synthesis, modification, and metabolism
29
What is the order of pulsatile release of GnRH and the gonadotropins?
GnRH FSH LH
30
Releasing factor pathway of hormones
Hypothalamus -> pituitary gland, releases hormone A -> target organ, releases hormone B
31
Inhibiting factor pathway of hormones
Hormone B inhibits the pituitary gland and hypothalamus directly. Pituitary gland is also inhibited indirectly due to hypothalamus being inhibited.
32
Names for Oxytocin
- Love hormone - Divorce hormone (based on defective oxytocin hormone)
33
Oxytocin effects other than love
Oxytocin repairs and maintains old muscle.
34
How does ADH interact with its target tissue in physiologically normal conditions?
ADH binds to vasopressin II receptor on collecting duct cells -> cAMP-mediated translocation of aquaporin-2 to apical surface -> increased permeability to water
35
What happens in the absence of ADH?
- Water cannot be reabsorbed - Hyperosmolality (increased solute) - Hypernatremia (high plasma [Na+]) - polyuria (excessive volume of urine + frequency of urination) - Polydipsia (thirst and increasing drinking) occur
36
How does alcohol affect ADH?
Inhibits release from Supraoptic Nuclei & acts as an antagonist for ADH in kidneys, which prevents aquaporins from binding to the collecting ducts
37
How does pregnancy affect ADH?
Placenta secretes vasopressinase resulting in features of both central and nephrogenic DI. (Plasma level falls after delivery)
38
Main causes of central diabetes insipidus
- Tumors - Trauma - Surgery
39
Main causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Renal diseases - ADH-unresponsive kidney (ex. DM) - Drugs (lithium based) -> lower cAMP
40
What does SIADH mean?
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
41
How does SIADH compare to diabetes insipidus?
SIADH acts in the opposite way in terms of ADH secretion: - High levels of ADH secretion or AVP-like substances - Urine osmolality is inappropriately high (kidneys salvage large volumes of water. - Total body water increases, hypo-osomolar, and hyponatremia.
42
What is hyponatremia?
Two mechanisms: 1. Dilution of plasma 2. increased excretion of Na+ by the kidney (usually because of expanded blasma volume, which enhances filtration and reduces reabsorption)

BMS 460 FINAL (9 decks)

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