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HUBS192 > Lecture 31 Physio urine composition, functions of kidney, basic nephron processes > Flashcards

Lecture 31 Physio urine composition, functions of kidney, basic nephron processes Flashcards

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1
Q

whats the composition of normal urine?

A 
creatinine
urea, uric acid
H+, NH3
Na+, K+
Toxins
drugs (anti viral, diuretics)
95-98% water (1.5L/day)
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2
Q

whats the composition of pathological urine?

A 
Glucose
Protein
Blood
hemoglobin
leucocytes
bacteria (infection)
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3
Q

what disease is associated with glucose in urine?

A

Glucosuria

diabetes

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4
Q

what disease is associated with protein in urine?

A

proteinuria

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5
Q

what disease is associated with blood in urine?

A

erthrocytes

hematuria

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6
Q

what disease is associated with hemoglobin in urine?

A

hemoglobinuria

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7
Q

Normal urine

A. contains amino acids.
B. has a volume of 20 L per day.
C. does not contain protons (H+).
D. contains sodium and potassium.
E. tastes sweet.
A

D. contains sodium and potassium.

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8
Q

what does normal urine look like?

A

clear, light or dark amber look

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9
Q

what does normal urine taste like?

A

not sweet
acidic (pH: 5-6)

pH dependent on diet
veggies - pH = 7.2
meat - pH = 4.8

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10
Q

what does normal urine smell like?

A

unremarkable

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11
Q

what does pathological urine look like?

A

golden, red, brown, blue

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12
Q

what does pathological urine taste like?

A

sweet: diabetes mellitus

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13
Q

what does pathological urine smell like?

A

like fruits: ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse

rotten: infection (bacteria), tumour

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14
Q

what if pathological urine smell like fruits?

A

ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse

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15
Q

what if pathological urine smell rotten?

A

infection (bacteria), tumour

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16
Q

whats 9 functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Hormone production (erythropoietin)
  • Metabolism
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • pH-regulation
  • Filters blood
  • Water homeostasis
  • Salt/ion homeostasis
  • Re-absorption of nutrients (amino acids, glucose)
  • Excretion of drugs, endogenous metabolites and toxins
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17
Q

whats EPO?

A

stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC

low O2 levels are detected by kidneys

kidney releases EPO

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18
Q

what releases EPO?

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

what causes chronic renal failure?

A

anaemia (low levels of RBC/haemoglobin → low blood O2 levels)

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20
Q

what ions are involved in salt/ion homeostasis and whats it useful for?

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

blood pressure

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21
Q

what nutrients are reabsorbed by kidneys?

A

Amino acids, glucose

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22
Q

whats water homeostasis important for?

A

hydration

blood pressure

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23
Q

what drugs, endogenous metabolites, and toxins are excreted from kidneys?

A

aspirin, anti-viral drugs, urea, uric acid, herbal toxins

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24
Q

what concentration is vital for many processes?

Study These Flashcards
A

K+ concentration

25
why is K+ concentration important for all cells?
resting membrane potential is based on K+ gradient (inside/outside) of cells
26
why is K+ concentration important for neurons and cardiomyocytes?
action potentials, rhythm generation in pacemaker cells, contractility, signaling
27
what secretes K+ (potassium)?
Kidneys
28
what happens if have too much K+?
hyperkalemia (death) | Kidney disease/failure
29
how much grams of K+ in a banana?
0.5g
30
how much grams do we need of potassium / day dietary need?
5g
31
how much grams of K+ can kill as 165lb person?
190g
32
whats lidocaine used for?
local anaesthetic in a practice or hospital
33
whats lidocaine?
excreted by kidneys after metabolisation in liver due to fat soluble (lipophilic) nature
34
whats aspirin?
common pain killer highly water soluble (hydrophilic) excreted by kidneys
35
what does pH =?
-log[H+]
36
what does bicarbonate (HCO3-) do?
main buffer of blood neutralise acids from metabolism, food, drinks maintain blood pH of 7.4
37
how is HCO3- concentration in the blood controlled?
by Lungs (exhale of CO2) and kidneys by reabsorption of HCO3- or secretion of H+ ions
38
Which of the following processes is NOT a function of the kidney? ``` A. gluconeogenesis B. secretion of glucose C. filtration of blood D. K+ reabsorption E. drug secretion ```
B. secretion of glucose
39
What are the basic nephron processes of the kidney?
1. filtration 2. secretion 3. re-absorption
40
whats Filtration of the nephron?
creates a plasma-like filtrate of the blood
41
whats Reabsorption of the nephron?
removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the blood
42
whats secretion of the nephron?
adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate
43
what determines the way a particular substance is handled in the kidneys?
balance of: 1. filtration 2. secretion 3. re-absorption
44
where are many substances filtered with a constant rate and whats the exception?
renal corpuscle (glomerulus); exception: substances bound to protein
45
To be filtered with a constant rate at the renal corpuscle what do some substances need to be?
partly (Na+, K+) | entirely (glucose) re-absorbed; entirely secreted (PAH: represents many drugs)
46
what are the nephron different parts?
glomerulus proximal tubule distal tubule collecting duct
47
what does the glomerulus do?
filtration
48
what does the proximal tubule do?
bulk reabsorption of electrolytes (Na+, K+), | secretion of metabolites, drugs and toxins
49
what does the distal tubule do?
fine-tuning of electrolytes/water reabsorption
50
what does the collecting duct do?
fine-tuning electrolyte/water reabsorption
51
wheres glucose (only) reabsorbed?
only in proximal tubule;
52
wheres K+ reabsorbed or secreted?
different parts of tubule (depends on diet!!);
53
wheres water reabsorbed?
most parts of tubule
54
how is penicillin (drugs and toxins) mostly excreted?
by active secretion, not filtration;
55
are big molecules (such as albumin) filtered?
No
56
The renal proximal tubule facilitates: ``` A. fine tuning of electrolyte/water reabsorption B. secretion of K+ (potassium) C. reabsorption of drugs D. filtration of blood E. secretion of drugs and metabolites ```
E. secretion of drugs and metabolites
57
summary whats normal urine made of?
mostly water, electrolytes (K+, Na+), drugs/toxins, metabolites and acids
58
summary The kidney has a variety of functions what are they?
``` filtration, excretion, salt and water homeostasis, pH regulation, hormone synthesis ```
59
summary how do kidneys achieve their functions?
basic nephron processes: | filtration, reabsorption, secretion

HUBS192 (36 decks)

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