Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CPR II (last of T1) > lecture 33+34+DLA > Flashcards

lecture 33+34+DLA Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

area of the brain responsible for breathing rhythm

A

pre-botzinger area in the rostral ventromedial medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neurons that drive inspiration?

A

DRG (doral root ganglion) and rostral VRG (ventral respiratory group)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pontine nuclei

A

switch between inspiration and expiration

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The reflex pathways?

A
  1. pulmonary stretch receptors: respond to transmural pressure
  2. irritant receptors: in response to touch or certain substances; results in coughing/ gasping
  3. proprioceptors: signal breathing effort
  4. J receptors: fire in response to lung injury, results in shallow breathing, airway secretion, constriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

central receptors?

A

located in the medulla

responds to changes in pH and CO2 levels of CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

H+ and HCO3 permeability (BBB)

A

largely impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CSF sensitivity and breathing rate

A

sensitive to changes in CO2

affected by respiratory acid/base changes

CSF pH decreases (coming more acidic) the rate
of ventilation increases blowing away the acid (CO2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in carotid and aortic body

detect changes in pH, O2, and CO2

carotid: glosso-pharyngeal nerve (afferent to CNS)
aortic: vagus nerve (afferent to CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

treatment for patient with breathlessness?

A

administration of oxygen

do not give 100 percent oxygen, titrate it

maintain O2 (60-65mm) (88 to 92%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which way does the flow volume loop move during obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A

obstructive: moves to left
restrictive: Moves to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

airway resistance decreases going down the respiratory tree even though radius get smaller, why?

A

The radius is smaller, but the cross sectional area is very large

thus air way resistance decreases

flows in a parallel fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which areas have the largest and smallest airway resistance?

A

highest: medium-sized bronchi
smallest: small airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what has the greatest impact on air flow into lungs

A

The radius!

R = 8nL / pi (r)4

reducing radius by 1/2, increases resistance by 16!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what diseases have a large increase in airway resistance?

A

COPD and asthma

V = delta P / R

must compensate by breathing harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

dynamic airway compression

A

starts after the equal-pressure point (EPP)

increases resistance to airflow and limits flow during expiration (flow is limited by collapsed airways)

collapse due to intrapleural pressure becoming greater than the alveolar pressure (forced expiration)

compression decreases radius and increases resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alpha and beta globin genes?

where are they on the chromosome and how many copies?

A

alpha globin is found on chromosome 16 and their are 4 genes.

beta globin is found on chromosome 11 and their are two genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

expression patterns of the globin genes during fetal life? adult life?

A

fetal: high gamma, zeta, and alpha expression
low beta expression

adult: high alpha and beta expression
low gamma expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the compositions of HbA, HbF, and HbA2?

A

HbA: two beta and two alpha (most common)

HbF: two alpha and two gamma (fetal)

HbA2: two alpha and two delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hemoglobin S

A

also known as sickle cell disease

single point mutation in the Beta-globin gene on the 6th codon.
glutamic acid to valine

autosomal recessive inheritance

the presence of ‘sticky’ patches, thus can lead to sickling/polymerizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can sickle cell anemia be distinguished during fetal life?

A

No.

beta-globin protein has low expression until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the treatment for HbS?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hydroxyurea (inhibit histone deacetylation)

this drug will increase fetal globin expression
de-repression of the gamma globin gene
More HbF formation

22
Q

Hemoglobin C

Study These Flashcards
A

point mutation at the 6th codon of the B-globin gene, thus a missense mutation

glutamic acid to lysine (a + AA)

homozygotes have mild hemolysis
low solubility

23
Q

HbSC disease

Study These Flashcards
A

Two different mutations on the beta globin gene

sickling is similar to sickle cell disease but more mild

24
Q

what does the electrophoresis look like when comparing globin proteins?

Study These Flashcards
A

HbA moves the furthest

HbF moves second furthest

HbS (sickle cell) moves third furthest

HbC moves little

A, F, S, C (in order)

A Fat Santa Clause

25
overview of beta and alpha thalassemia?
Alpha - reduced alpha chain synthesis beta - reduced beta strand synthesis
26
alpha thalassemia? | what are the four different kinds?
reduced alpha chain synthesis 1. normal, all 4 genes are functional 2. silent carrier, 3 of the genes are functional (no symptoms) 3. cis and trans carrier (heterozygote) cis: deletion of two genes on the same chromosome trans: deletion of one copy from each chromosome may have mild anemia ``` 4. HbH alpha thalassemia deletion of three genes; one functional allele most likely one parent was cis and other was trans presents in infancy or childhood mild to moderate anemia bone changes may be seen aggregation of beta tetramers HbA levels might be low ``` 5. hemoglobin bart hydrops fetalis syndrome most severe form see Hb bart (aggregations of gamma tetramers) all alleles are non-functional no detectable HbF or HbA lethal occurrence most likely both parents had a cis mutation
27
overview of beta-thalassemia
autosomal recessive inheritance allelic heterogenicity and compound heterogenicity can be seen variable severity can also be seen two types of mutations: 1. Beta +: reduced expression 2. Beta 0: suppression of gene expression excessive alpha chains can precipitate and lead to severe hemolytic anemia by binding to RBC membranes and causing damage do not form tetramers
28
what are the three forms of beta-thalassemia?
major: two severe mutations very low levels or absence of HbA high levels of HbA2 and HbF to compensate intermedia: one severe mutation and one less severe or two less severe mutations Low HbA levels High HbA2 and HbF levels to compensate minor: almost normal levels of HbA heterozygote
29
what bone changes are seen in beta- thalassemia?
extramedullary erythropoiesis (looks like hair on the bone) frontal bossing, malar prominence
30
Hemophilia A
X-linked recessive lot enough factor 8 due to gene deletion, intron inversion replacement therapy is treatment
31
hemophilia B
X-linked recessive lost enough factor 9 due to point mutation and deletion replacement therapy for RX
32
closed vs open pneumothorax
closed: air goes from lung into pleural cavity open: air goes from outside the body into the pleural cavity the lung will collapse due to the transpulmonary pressure becoming zero
33
what is the tidal volume (TV)?
the volume of air inhaled or exhaled with each | normal breath
34
what is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?
the volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a normal tidal inspiration
35
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?
the volume of air within the lungs that can be exhaled after the end of a tidal exhalation
36
Residual Volume (RV)?
the remaining air in the lungs that cannot be expelled
37
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
the total volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a tidal exhalation
38
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
the volume of air in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration
39
Vital Capacity (VC)
the volume of air exhaled from maximal inspiration to maximal exhalation; maximum expiration
40
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1):
the volume of air exhaled in the first second of a FVC test
41
how to calculate total long capacity
(TLC = IRV+VT+ERV+RV)
42
how to calculate Inspiratory Capacity
(IC = VT + IRV)
43
how to calculate functional residual capacity
(FRC = ERV + RV)
44
how to calculate vital capacity
(VC = IRV + ERV + VT)
45
what cannot be calculated by spirometry
the residual volume
46
spirometry and obstructive disorders?
Expiratory flow rate is significantly decreased resulting in decreased FEV1 and FVC The FEV1/FVC ratio is low the ratio is lower than 80% it takes longer to get to the needed volume
47
spirometry and restrictive disorders?
Lung inflation is decreased resulting in decreased FEV1 and FVC The FEV1/FVC ratio is normal or increased. the ratio is still 80%, but the graph looks different. volume is much lower
48
FEF25-75
has the greatest sensitivity for the detection of | early airflow obstruction
49
the flow volume loop and obstructive lung disease? | what about restrictive?
obstructive: will have a 'scooped out' appearance seen commonly in those with emphysema restrictive: significant reduction in size
50
what is COPD?
combination of chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma commonly caused by smoking decreased airflow, thus reduced FVC, FEV1, and decreased FEV1/FVC ratio

CPR II (last of T1) (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions