Lecture 34

Question 1

Hindbrain

Answer 1

medulla

pons, cerebellum

Question 2

Midbrain

Answer 2

substantia nigra

Question 3

Forebrain

Answer 3

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia: striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

limbic system: hippocampus, amygdala

diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 4

Medulla

Answer 4

autonomic functions: control of involuntary movements

controls respiration, cardiac function, vasomotor responses, reflexes

Question 5

Pons

Answer 5

key of neurotransmitters

relays signals from the forebrains to the cerebellum

Question 6

Cerebellum

Answer 6

little brain

governs motor coordination for producing smooth movements

undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxias

Question 7

Substantia nigra

Answer 7

SN pars compacta: produces dopamine

provides input to the basal ganglia, supplies dopamine to the striatum

involved in voluntary motor control and some cognitive functions

undergoes neurodegeneration in PD

Question 8

Cortex

Answer 8

involved in processing and interpreting information

Damage can affect movement, speech, personality

Damage to the frontal cortex can lead to schizophrenia

Question 9

Basal ganglia

Answer 9

striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus

Question 10

Limbic system

Answer 10

emotions (amygdala), memory (hippocampus)

Question 11

Where are decisions made?

Answer 11

cortico-thalamic loops about how to interpret and act on the incoming sensory information

Question 12

What can damage to the cortex do?

Answer 12

affect movement, speech, personality

Question 13

Where does schizophrenia occur?

Answer 13

disease of frontal cortex

Question 14

Astrocytes

Answer 14

provide neurons with growth factor, antioxidants

remove excess glutamate (excitotoxic neurotransmitter)

support the BBB

Question 15

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 15

produce myelin sheath that insulates axons

Question 16

Microglia

Answer 16

provide growth factors

clear debris by phagocytosis

role in neuroinflammation

overactive in alzheimer’s

Question 17

BBB

Answer 17

The BBB is stabilized by tight junctions in the endothelial cell layer of blood vessels in the brain

Question 18

NEURON

Answer 18

?

Question 19

Normal action potential

Answer 19

slide 13

lasts 0.2-0.5 msec

refractory period: period after action potential during which a neiron will not fire again

Question 20

Excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 20

slide 15

Question 21

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 21

slide 16

Question 22

Drugs can alter synaptic transmission by various mechanisms

Answer 22

figure on slide 20 and 21

Question 23

Common amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 23

GABA

Glycine

Glutamate

Question 24

GABA

Answer 24

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

depresses neuronal excitability by increasing the influx of Cl- ions into the neuron: making more negative

there are GABA-A and GABA-B receptors

drugs that interact with GABA pathways are CNS depressants such as: sedative hypnotics, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics

disorders: seizures, spasticity, addiction/alochol

Question 25

Glycine

Answer 25

similar to GABA but acts in the spinal cord

Question 26

Glutamate

Answer 26

major excitatory aa neurotransmitter in the brain

excess glutamate can cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron

Question 27

Common non-amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 27

acetylcholine

dopamine

norepinephrine

serotonin; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)