Lecture 35 - Coordinating Metabolism: Diabetes (Type II) Flashcards
What does HbA1c test measure?
How much glucose is bound to haemoglobin in RBCs
Why is glycated haemoglobin the main diagnosis for diabetes?
It has a half life of 3 months, so even if glucose levels are in correct range is an indicator that past blood glucose was high.
Type 2 diabetes is insulin _______
resistance.
Type 1 diabetes is ______ to produce insulin.
inability
Type 1 diabetes onset during __________, type 2 after ______
childhood (rapid), age 35 (gradual)
What is the defect/deficiency of type 1 diabetes?
Beta cells are destroyed, eliminating production of insulin
What is the defect/deficiency of type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance combined with inability of beta cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin
What type of diabetes is ketosis common?
Type 1
Plasma insulin in type 1 diabetes is…
low to absent.
Plasma insulin in type 2 diabetes is…
high in early disease, low in disease of long duration
What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes?
Diet, exercise, oral hypoglycaemic drugs, insulin may be necessary. Reduction of risk factors.
How do vascular pathologies arise from diabetes?
- Glycation of structural proteins in arteries making them less complient
- Formation of advanced glycation end products which promote inflammation
What would a diabetic glucose tolerance test look like?
Elevated fasting blood glucose, ver impaired lowering
What would a prediabetic glucose tolerance test look like?
Slightly elevated fasting level and impaired lowering
What is insulin resistance a warning sign of?
Individual is heading towards diabetes
What occurs over time as a result of hyperinsulinaemia?
diminished ability of beta cells to produce insulin to further increases blood glucose, individual becomes prediabetic and then diabetic
What are some factors underlying type 2 diabetes?
Sensitive genotype, obesity, high levels of inflammation, metabolic stress
The inability to use glucose in a type 2 diabetic results in the same response as ____________.
Starvation
Insulin is important in stimulating LPL, therefore its resistance leads to:
less hydrolysis of TAGs in VLDL and chylomicrons, which leads to their accumulation and increase in blood TAGs.
Decreased ________ uptake and increased ____________ are prominent featured of insulin resistance.
glucose, gluconeogenesis
Diabetics can develop fatty livers which can lead to:
cirrhosis
What occurs in cells during insulin resistance?
Reduced levels of phosphorylation and misphosphorylation of insulin signalling proteins which reduces GLUT4 translocation
Exercise _______ insulin sensitivity.
enhances
