Lecture 38 4/29/25 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of bloat line?
-indicative of bloat while heart was still beating
-most commonly seen in cattle
-esophagus is best place to visualize it due to white mucosa
-red end of esophagus is towards the head
What are the characteristics of esophageal ulcers in bovine?
-linear ulcers are characteristic of mucosal dz caused by BVDV
-round ulcers are characteristics of bovine papular stomatitis virus
-linear ulcers have greater significance to the herd
What is Gongylonema?
parasite that may be found in the bovine esophagus that is of no clinical significance
Which findings require the rumen to be opened AND rinsed?
-rumen acidosis
-rumen flukes
What are the characteristics of rumen acidosis?
-rumen can be grossly normal; want to test pH and/or take a histopath. sample
-can cause ulceration
What are the charactersitics of rumen ulcers/rumenitis?
-acute and subacute ulcers present as red areas with loss of papilla
-chronic ulcers present with raised white margins and eventually stellate scars
What is a common sequela of rumen ulcers/rumenitis?
-Fusobacterium necrophorum, a normal rumen inhabitant, overgrows
-bacteria leaves the rumen and can go to the liver, causing hepatic abscesses
What are the characteristics of rumenitis in calves?
-diffuse distribution
-due to milk in forestomachs
Which findings require the glandular stomach to be opened AND rinsed?
-ulcers
-Ostertagia ostertagi
-necrotizing/hemorrhagic/emphysematous abomasitis
What are the characteristics of glandular stomach ulcers?
-want to look for unusually black contents
-pigs get ulcers of pars esophagea; smoothens with ulceration
-horses get ulcers in the squamous portion near the margo plicatus
-glandular stomach ulcers are not associated with gastric rupture in horses; due to distended stomach
-cattle often get linear stomach ulcers; can also be round or irregular
-want to look for lymphoma in cattle; can be distinguished from adipose tissue b/c it does not float
What are the characteristics of Ostertagia ostertagi?
-causes elevated abomasal pH, diarrhea, and weight loss in cattle
-causes finely granular mucosa
-same dz in small ruminants is caused by Teladorsargia circumcincta
What are the characteristics of necrotizing/hemorrhagic/emphysematous abomasitis?
-caused by Clostridium perfringens
-seen in calves, lambs, and kids
-causes sudden death
-C. perfringens also causes hemorrhagic enteritis in many species
What are the characteristics of Johne’s dz?
-most commonly occurs in adult cattle; can be seen in small ruminants
-caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
-ileum is typically most affected
-organism is detectable via acid-fast stain
What does Lawsonia cause in horses and pigs/
-young horses: corrugated mucosa
-pigs: porcine proliferative enteropathy
What are the characteristics of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome of dairy cows?
-looks like it should be caused by Clostridium perfringens, but is NOT
-cause is currently unknown
What are the characteristics of Oesophagostomum?
-aka “nodular worm”
-causes 3 to 5 mm FIRM mural nodules in cattle intestines
-nematode is clinically insignificant, but infected animals often have other parasites; should do a fecal
What are the characteristics of Eimeria arloingi?
-causes 3 to 5 mm SOFT mucosal nodules of hyperplastic epithelium
-nodules can also be hemorrhagic
-often fatal in young goats
What are the charactersitics of calf salmonella?
-“diphtheritic enteritis”
-fibrin coats mucosa
-Peyer’s patches often severely affected; often fatal
What are the characteristics of cyathostomes/small strongyles?
-causes colitis in horses with pinpoint gray-black spots
-need to rinse the mucosa to find this lesion
-adults are non-pathogenic
-larvae cause mucosal damage
What are the three distinctive lesions of the porcine peritoneum/mesentery?
-edema
-emphysema
-fibrinous peritonitis
What are the characteristics of edema dz in pigs?
-caused by shiga-toxin producing E. coli
-causes neurologic signs but no diarrhea
-leads to edema of the mesocolon, eyelids, gastric submucosa, and lymph nodes
What are the three differential diagnoses for fibrinous peritonitis?
-Glasser’s disease; caused by Glaserella (Haemophilus) parasuis
-Strep. suis
-Mycoplasma hyorhinis
What are the characteristics of mesenteric and intestinal emphysema?
-emphysema of serosa, mesentery, and mesenteric lymph nodes
-causes dilated lymphatics
-incidental finding
-cause unknown
What causes liver abscesses?
rumen acidosis and spread of Fusobacterium necrophorum
