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Biocheem > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Nucleic acids made of?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What processes can mono- and dinucleotides be involved in?

A
  • Redox reactions
  • Energy transfer
  • Intracellular signalling
  • Biosynthetic reactions
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3
Q

What processes can polynucleotides be involved in?

A
  • Storage and decoding genetic information

* Enzymes

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4
Q

What are examples of Redox reactions that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

NAD+/FAD

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5
Q

What are examples of energy transfer that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What are examples of intracellular signalling that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

GTP or cAMP

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7
Q

What are examples of biosynthetic reactions that mono- and dinucleotides can be involved in?

A

ATP and NADPH

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8
Q

What are examples of storage and decoding genetic information that polynucleotides can be involved in?

A

DNA and RNA

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9
Q

What are examples of enzymes that polynucleotides can be involved in?

A

Ribozymes

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10
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

RNA that is acting as an enzyme to catalyze the synthesis of polypeptides

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11
Q

What are examples of nucleotides being found as high energy molecules?

A

NTPs ex. ATP, GTP, UTP

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12
Q

What are examples of nucleotides being found as Electron carriers?

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • FMNH2
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13
Q

What three parts does a nucleotide have?

A
  • Phosphate(s)
  • Nitrogen-containing aromatic base
  • Suagr
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14
Q

What is the sugar in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

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15
Q

What is the sugar in RNA?

A

Ribose

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16
Q

What are the 5 common nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
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17
Q

What is the backbone of the nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidine or Purine

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18
Q

What are the three Pyrimidine bases?

A
  • Uracil
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
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19
Q

What are Purine bases?

A
  • Adenine

* Guanine

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20
Q

How many rings does Pyrimidine have?

A

One

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21
Q

How many rings does Purine have?

A

Two

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22
Q

How many types of nucleotides can Pyrimidine form?

A

Three

23
Q

How many types of bases can Purine form?

A

Two

24
Q

What numbering are the nitrogens in both Purine and Pyrimidines?

A

1 and 3 but they are switch in Purine and Pyrimidiens

25
Q

What substituents does Uracil have?

A
  • Two carbonyl groups at 2 and 4

* An H on each of the nitrogens

26
Q

Where are the carbonyl groups on Uracil locates?

A

2 and 4

27
Q

How many H-bonds can Uracil form and what is the breakdown?

A

Six; Four as an acceptor and two as a donor

28
Q

Where can H-bonds form on uracil?

A
  • Two on each of the two carbonyl groups as an acceptor (4 total acceptor)
  • Two on each NH groups as a donor (2 total donors)
29
Q

Where is the point of attachment to a sugar in pyrimidines?

A

N1

30
Q

Why is Nitrogen in the ring in Uracil not an acceptor for H-bonds?

A

Because the lone pair is not in a hybridized orbital

31
Q

What are the substituents does Thymine have?

A
  • Two carbonyls at 2 and 4
  • An H on each nitrogen
  • A methyl group
32
Q

Where are the carbonyls on thymine locates?

A

2 and 4

33
Q

Where is the methyl group on thymine located?

A

5

34
Q

How many H-bonds can Thymine form?

A

Six; Four as an acceptor and two as a donor

35
Q

Where can Thymine form H-bonds?

A

Four acceptors on the carbonyl groups and two donors on the nitrogen groups

36
Q

What is the difference between Thymine and Uracil

A

Thymine has a methyl group at position 5 and Uracil has an H

37
Q

Why can the nitrogen at position 3 in cytosine act as an H bond acceptor?

A

Because the lone pair is in a hybridized orbital (it has a double bond connected to the nitrogen)

38
Q

Which Pyrimidine has a nitrogen that can act as an H-bond acceptor?

A

Cytosine

39
Q

What is the difference between Cytosine and the other Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine has an NH2 group at position 4 instead of a carbonyl

40
Q

/what are the substituents on Cytosine?

A
  • One carbonyl group
  • One NH2 group
  • One NH group
41
Q

Where is the carbonyl group on cytosine located?

A

Position 2

42
Q

Where is the NH2 group on Cytosine located?

A

Position 4

43
Q

Where is the NH group on Cytosine located?

A

Position 1

44
Q

What substituent do all Pyrimidines have in common?

A

A carbonyl group at position 2

45
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does Cytosine have?

A

Siz: Three as a donor and three as an acceptor

46
Q

Where are the H bonds in Cytosine?

A
  • NH2 is a donor x 2
  • NH is a donor
  • N is an acceptor
  • O on the carbonyl is an acceptor x 2
47
Q

What substituents does Adenine have and where are they?

A
  • NH2 at position 6

* NH group at position 3

48
Q

How many H bonds can Adenine form?

A

Six; Three as a donor and three as an acceptor

49
Q

Where are H bonds formed in Adenine?

A
  • NH2 is a donor x 2
  • All three N’s are an acceptor
  • NH is a donor
50
Q

When can N’s act as H-bond acceptors?

A

When they have a double bond

51
Q

What substituents does Guanine have?

A
  • NH2 at position 2
  • Carbonyl at position 6
  • An H on the nitrogen at position 9
52
Q

What is the difference between substituents in Adenine and Guanine?

A
  • Guanine has its NH2 group at position 2 and adenine has it at position 6
  • At position 6 guanine has a carbonyl group
53
Q

How many H bond interactions can Guanine form?

A

8; Four as a donor and 4 as an acceptor

54
Q

Where are the H bonds on Guanine?

A
  • Carbonyl is acceptor x 2
  • Two nitrogens are acceptors
  • Two HN’s is are donors
  • NH2 is a donor x 2

Biocheem (38 decks)

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