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Biocheem > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Biochemistry?

A

The scientific discipline that seeks to explain life at the molecular level

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2
Q

What is the simple definition of Biochemistry?

A

The chemistry that occurs within a biological context. The chemical reactions that occur within organisms

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3
Q

What are the six most common elements in biological systems?

A

C, H, O, N, P, S

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4
Q

What are the five essential ions in biological systems?

A

Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cl

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5
Q

What are the five simple molecules?

A
  • H2O
  • CO2
  • NH3
  • O2
  • N2
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6
Q

What are the four building blocks?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleotides
  • Lipids
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7
Q

What are the three polymers?

A
  • Proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Nucleic acids
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8
Q

What are some examples of Supra-molecular assemblies?

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Chromatin
  • Membranes
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9
Q

What is the order of building things in biochemistry?

A
  • Simple molecules
  • Building blocks
  • Polymers
  • Supra-molecular assemblies
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissues, organs
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10
Q

What polymers do amino acids form?

A

Proteins

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11
Q

What polymers do carbohydrates form?

A

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What polymers do Nucleotides form?

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

What are the four major classes of Biomolecules?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleotides
  • Lipids
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14
Q

What are Biomolecules defined on the basis of?

A

Their chemical composition or structure or their general behavior in terms of how they interact with aqueous environments

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15
Q

What are Amino Acids?

A

Biomolecules that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group

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16
Q

What do Carbohydrate structures come from?

A

The combination of a carbon with a water

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17
Q

What is the formula for a simple monosaccharide structure?

A

Cn(H2O)n. Basically a one to one ratio

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18
Q

What functional groups do carbohydrates often have?

A

Hydroxyl groups

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19
Q

What do nucleotides always contain?

A

Some type of aromatic base (Nitrogen in a ring structure), carbohydrate, and one or more phosphates

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20
Q

Why are lipids more distinct from amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides?

A

Because they don’t have the same kind of consistency of molecular structure

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21
Q

What aspects do lipids usually share?

A

They have poor solubility in water or are hydrophobic structures

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22
Q

What is the polarity of lipids?

A

They are usually non-polar

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23
Q

What do lipids usually form?

A

Non-polar membrane lipids, fatty acids or cholesterol

24
Q

What do lipids usually have a lot of?

A

A large amount of hydrocarbons in the structure

25
Q

Why are lipids less likely to interact with water?

A

Because of the large amount of hydrocarbons that they usually have

26
Q

What are the three ways to represent biomolecules?

A
  • Structural formula
  • Ball and Stick
  • Space Filling
27
Q

What are the pros to a structural fomrula?

A

It gives very detailed information about the elemental composition and the way individual elements or atoms are attached to each other in the overall molecular structure

28
Q

What are the cons to the structural formula?

A

It doesn’t give any information about the shape or the geometry of that particular molecule

29
Q

What are the pros to the Ball-and-Stick model?

A

It starts to show more about the geometry and color coding shows us what molecules

30
Q

What color is oxygen usually?

A

Red

31
Q

What color is carbon usually?

A

Grey/black

32
Q

What color is hydrogen usually?

A

White

33
Q

What color is Nitrogen usually?

A

Blue

34
Q

What are the pros to the space filling model?

A

It gives a good idea of the space occupied by the molecule

35
Q

What are the cons to the space filling model?

A

Starts to lose information about other atoms that might be obscured by atoms in the front and we don’t see double bonds

36
Q

What are the cons to the ball and stick model?

A
  • We don’t see double bonds, we lose connectivity information
  • Doesn’t give us an idea of the space that the atoms fill
37
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

R-OH

38
Q

What is a Carboxylate?

A

The deprotonated form of a carboxylic acid

39
Q

At what pH are carboxylic acids usually deprotonated?

A

pH 7

40
Q

What would a carboxyl group refer to?

A

Something that is a Carboxylic acid but depending on the pH the Carboxylic acid can be deprotonated to a Carboxylate

41
Q

What do Thiol (Sulfhydryl) groups usually contain?

A

R-SH

42
Q

How do Esters form?

A

The condensation of an acid in a carboxylic acid with a hydroxyl group

43
Q

What are Amides?

A

When a nitrogen is adjacent to a carbonyl

44
Q

What building block units form Polymers?

A

Monomers

45
Q

What is meant by monomers having directionality?

A

All the covalent bonds are in the same direction

46
Q

What consistency do monomers that form polymers are needed?

A

There is a consistency in how they are connected

47
Q

What is meant by monomers that form polymers require asymmetry?

A

The bonds that connect the monomers on either side must be different

48
Q

What is the Monomer of a Protein?

A

Amino acids

49
Q

What is the Polymer of an Amino Acid?

A

Protein

50
Q

What connects different amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

51
Q

What is the Polymer of a Nucleotide?

A

Nucleic acids

52
Q

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

53
Q

What connects Nucleotide monomers together?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

54
Q

What is the Polymer that Monosaccharides form?

A

Polysaccharides

55
Q

What monomer forms Polysaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides

56
Q

What bonds hold Monosaccharides together to form Polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bonds

57
Q

What are all peptide bonds?

A

All peptide bonds are amide bonds but not all amide bonds are peptide bonds

Biocheem (38 decks)

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