Lecture 4 Flashcards
(44 cards)
Prelinguistic
making sounds
Phonlogy
parts of words.
Profanity
swearing
Phoneme
smallest unit
Morpheme
a unit with a meaning. can not be further divided
Prosody
melody and stress patterns of the language. Where words or sentences end. for example
Morphology
cover the internal structure of words.
syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
grammar
morphology and syntax
Pragmatics
the branch of linguistics dealing with language in use and the contexts in which it is used, including such matters as deixis, the taking of turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature.
rules how to use language, how to communicate effectively when there are rules at play
The three internal factors that contribute to language developments
- LAD (language acquisition device)
Innate mechanism to understand grammar and ability to learn rules of language - wiring of infant brain
ability to track statistical dependencies and conditional probabilities
detect patterns and apply those through imitation - drive to communicate
Broca’s area
Production of language, to speak and write
Wernicke’s area
Comprehension of language, you ncan say a lot, but you don’t say much haha.
External factors in language acquisition. name three
- interactive environment
- infant-directed speech: greater pitch variability, slower speech, shorter sentences, more word repetition, ore questions, exaggerated facial expressions
- draw infants’ attention –> facilitates word learning
both quantity and quality helps during language development
Prenatal language learning
- Language acquisition already starts in the womb
- preference for the mother’s voice and native language of their mother
What was the conclusion of a study where a story for children of 4 days old in their native language got played?
In the correct order the children preferred their own native language, but when the story was told backwards, so only the rythm stayed the same, the children didn’t have a preference for a native or non native language
consonants in phoneme meaning
medeklinkers
vowels
klinkers!
What was a conclusion about the ability to discriminate non native phonetic contrasts by a distinguishing phonemes study?
Study set up: monolingual and bilingual adults and infants
English ba en da
American indian Ki and Qi
Infants: head turning
Adults button pressing when phonemes changed
Conclusion: the ability to discriminate non-native phonetic contrasts deceline during the first year of life. But there is no decline in multi lingual environment.
What is a ERP signature MMN?
This is a mismatch negativity.
So when the same stimulus is presented repeatedly , after a different stimulus, the MMN is produced. A larger MMN response means a larger difference!
What can we conclude out of the study forom Cheour et al. (1998) about Finnish and Estoninan vowels and children of 6 month and 12 months old?
There is a decline in sensitivity in phonemes of non native languages. The MMN is produced less when the children hear phonemes of their non native language.
What can we conclude of the study of Kuhl et al. (2003) about learning phonemes of Mandarin Chinese to children?
Only if there’s a goal to communicate and only when there is an interaction, infants pick up these new phonemes
Perceptual narrowing
losing the ability to distinguish phonemes in other languages, so only retain ability to distinguish between stimuli that are important/relevant
Language phonotactics
Rules that govern the sequence of phonemes in a word.
A language’s phonotactics is comprised of the sounds and placement of sounds that will be found in its words. English and Swahili, for instance, are governed by very different sound rules. In English, a word can end with the sound “ng,” as in “sing,” but it cannot begin with that sound.
