Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology of Addictions > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are individual factors ?

A

Personal vulnerability factors
* Biological or genetic predispositions
* Psychological factors ( i.e: personality, attitudes, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are situational factors ?

A

Social enviroment (i.e: family, culture, etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are structural factors ?

A

Nature of the substance or addictive behaviour ( not hypothetically possible to become addicted to anything, i.e., gardening)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the developmental theory ?

A

Impact of addictive behaviours on life course development & development of SUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the developmental theory state ?

A
  • Prental/fetal developmental period marks the peak sensitivity for being negatively affected as result of exposure to alcohol and other substances
  • First use of a substance ( tobacco, alcohol, cannabis) during an earlier age (i.e: adolesence) is associated with increases in the risk of developing a SUD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the learning theory ?

A

Presents classical & operant conditioning processes as explanation of how addictive behaviour patterns may develop, be maintained & become extinguished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is involved in the craving stimulus ?

A

The craving stimulus from the enviroment may involve any of the 5 senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can also trigger craving ?

A

Familiar internal states (i.e: anxiety)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How may an individual develop a CR to a stimuli ?

A

An individual may develop a CR to stimuli that are repeatedly associated an addictive substance/activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is cue-induced response ?

A

Exposure to those triggering cues (enviromental cues) increasing the risk of relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is one goal in CBT ?

A

Helping patients identify personal triggers & develop strategies for managing situations where encountered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cue-exposure treatment ?

A

Patients are repeatedly exposed to enviromental cues (CS) without experiencing the UCR
* Relearning rather than unlearning the association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is negative reinforcement ?

A

removing an unpleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is positive punishment ?

A

Adding an unpleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a negative punishment ?

A

Removing a pleasant stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do withdrawl symptoms do ?

A

They punish abstinence & challenge the addict’s attempt to avoid the addicted behaviour which has previously been rewarding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What other things can operant conditioning be used for ?

A

It can also be used to extinguish addictive behaviour - if an addict stops experiencing positive consequences following the additive behviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does Naltrexone do ?

A

Blocks the “high” feeling following drinking alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Disulfiram ?

A

Use results in quickly developing unpleasant physical effects to punish drinking alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How is the the sequence of events important ?

A

Consequence following a behaviour first has a greater influence over future behaviour compared to a consequence experienced later

21
Q

How is the Timing of consequences important ?

A

If too much time passes between the behaviour & consequence, the power of the consequence ( to shape behaviour) is weakened

22
Q

What is the Social learning theory ?

A

interventions desgined to shape the learning enviroment of individuals

23
Q

What does the Social learning theory state ?

A
  • Providing positive behaviour models & emphasizing positive consequences experienced by them
  • Removing negative behaviour models & emphasizing negative consequences experiences by them
24
Q

What major principles did Albert Bandura state ?

A
  1. Learning can occur through observing others’ behaviours & their consequences
  2. Complex behaviours can be learned through observing & imitating behaviours modeled by others
25
What are **expectancies** ?
Individuals evaluate the likely consequences of engaging in specific behaviour which affects the probability of engaging in the behaviour
26
When are expectancies **learned** ?
They are learned from an early age
27
What is **information processing** ?
* Stimulus: exposure to information * Input: attend & perceive information * Storage: store in short-term memory then long-ter memory * Retrieval: retrieve from memory * Output: Influence behaviour
28
What is **learning** ?
Learning is **state-dependent** - what is learned under normal conditions, may not be recalled when under influence of a substance & vice versa *Re-learning materials learned while under influence of substances is needed during recovery
29
What does the **personality theory** state ?
Certain personality traits are more common among individuals who misuse substances - low levels of conscientiousness, but high levels of: * Impulsivity/disinhibition * Difficulty delaying gratification * Disagreeableness * Antisocial behaviour * Social alienation
30
What do **addicts represent** ?
Addicts represent a diverse and heterogeneous population - it is possible for anyone to develop an addiction
31
What is the **psychodynamic theory** ?
Oral addictive behaviours may be explained by reactions to fixation of the oral zone during psychosexual development
32
How is **substence misuse** tied to the **PDT** ?
* Substance misuse may be an attempt to escape the intrapsychic conflict caused by tension b/w the id & superego * Substance misuse as an attempt to cope with the formation of insecure attatchments early in life
33
What is **self-medication hypothesis** of substance misuse ?
Turning to addictive behaviours to "numb" the psychic pain as a result of insecure attatchments/ego deficits/negative or disturbing feelings
34
What are the **limitations** of the **PDT** ?
* Constructs involved are difficult to operationalize & objectively measure in research * The presumed causes are experienced by many who do not engage in problematic additive behaviours * Merely focusing on patients' own insights of the problem neglects the power drugs of abuse have * A combination of psychodynamic principles & other types of interventions addressing other aspects of the problem may be appropriate
35
What can **social enviroments** do ?
Social enviroments one is exposed to can protect them from, or predispose them towards, addictive behaviours
36
What is **microsystem** ?
Immediate (proximal) & regular social context interactions with the individual (i.e: close family, friends)
37
What is **mesosystem** ?
Interactions b/w microsystem elements & settings where the individual functions
38
What is **macrosystem** ?
Distal elements (i.e: policies, cultures)
39
How does the **enviroment** exert **influence** on a substance use behaviours ?
2 mechanisms: * **Social control**: increased/decreased opportunities to engage in substance use/misuse * **Social triggers**: enviromental aspects which amplify or dampen the behaviour, triggering addictive behaviours
40
What is **circulatory of influence** ?
Individuals play active roles in shaping their enviroments
41
What does the **family system theory** state ?
Adolescents lacking parental support or experiencing low levels of parental monitoring are more likely to use substances
42
What do **parents who misuse substances** do ?
* Reduce quality of parenting behaviours & monitoring * Model substance misuse * Increase access to substances for children * Provide ambiguous social norms regarding substance misuse * May expose children to adverse childhood events
43
How do **peers** influence substance abuse ?
* Substance use initiation & escalation to problematic levels are strongly associated with one's peer's use of drugs. during adolescents * Peers are powerful resources in the initiation of substance use & in assisting recover
44
What are the **important factors influencing** substance misuse ?
* Easy access to substances * Modeling of substance use * Rate of crime and violence * SES - disadvantaged neighbourhoods are associated with increased chances of substance use
45
How does **neighbourhood & community** influence substance misuse ?
* Poverty has a pervasive influence on health outcomes, through impacts on behaviour, exposure & opportunity * Social determinants of health can be important intervention targets * One's neighbourhood enviroment can also shape daily experiences, health-related behaviours & health outcomes
46
How does **culture** influence substance misuse ?
* Protective factors against susceptibility to SUD - strong cultural identity & closeness to one's culture of origin * Risk factors - among immigrant: acculturation, reduced closeness with one's family & increased exposure to peers who use substance
47
How do **interactions** influence substance misuse ?
* Gene x enviroment interactions explain individual variations in substance use behaviour (i.e: development & recovery from SUD) * Circulatory of influence - individuals are not passively influenced by their enviroments
48
How does **social stigma** influence substance misuse ?
* Stigma about individuals with SUD can inhibit their efforts to self-identify as having a problem and seek treatment * Encountering stigma is commonly reported in individuals experiencing SUD - having a pervasive impact on their daily lives, social relationships, healthcare experiences, internal states

Psychology of Addictions (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions