Lecture 4 Flashcards
TNM
universal classification scheme
T
Primary tumor: number 1-4 indicating size/extent
- secondary tumors: metastases
N
lymph nodes: 0-3
indicating degree and extent if dissemination to lymph nodes
draining sentinel lymph node (NI)
M
Metasese: 0 or 1
- indicating whether or not they are present
5 cancer hallmarks
1) proliferate to large number of abnormal cells
2) mutate rapidly (genomic instability)
3) alter the microenvironment
4) invade and metastasize
5) survive
cell proliferation details
- Resists Apoptosis
- Turning on proliferative signals (e.g. growth factors)
- Infinites replication (Telomerase_
- Evading death
- Ignoring anti-proliferative signals
- Synthesize proteins rapidly (Warburg effect)
alter their environment details
- Changing immune cell population around them (evade immune response)
- Inducing inflammation
- Angiogenesis
cell survival details
- evade cell death
- evade apoptosis
5 characteristics of isolated cancer cells
1) serum independent growth
2) Endless Cell Division
3) Loss of Contact Inhibition
4) Loss of anchorage dependence
5) Grwoth to a tumor in an immune-compromised mouse
cell signaling
process that tell a cell to do something
carcinogenesis steps
1) calls produce soluble factos that promote proliferation (autocrine signaling)
2) Constitutive express high levels of receptors
3) Frequently mutate receptors to have constant signaling
4) downstream signal transduction proteins frequently have high activity and/or over expression
5) Transcription factors are excessively “on” (bound to DNA and functioning in these downstream processes)
autocrine signaling
a cell signals to itself, releasing a ligand that binds to receptors on its own surface
juxtacrine signaling
occurs between neighboring cells that are in physical contact with each other
paracrine
cells communicate over relatively short distances
endocrine
a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream
