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Biochem Exam 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

inorganic components of teeth

A

apatite, made of calcium and phosphate

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2
Q

protein components of teeth

A

dentin phosphoryn, dentin matrix protein, dentin sialoprotein, enamel amylogenin, proteoglycans

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3
Q

first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created nor destroyed, rather it is converted

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4
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the amount of disorder in the universe resulting from a biological chemical process always increases

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5
Q

kinetic energy

A

thermal energy- energy of motion, heat energy
radiant energy- energy of light

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6
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds, energy of concentration gradients, electric potential

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7
Q

electric potential

A

all cells maintain a gradient of electrical charge across their plasma membrane

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8
Q

thermal energy

A

used for maintenance of ideal temperature for enzymatic reactions, cells do not use heat to do work

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9
Q

metabolism

A

an organism must continuously maintain order with respect to its environment. in order for an organism to maintain itself, it must constantly exert energy

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10
Q

negative delta G

A

spontaneous process. energy flowing downhill, reactants/starting material has more energy than products

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11
Q

positive delta G

A

non-spontaneous/reverse spontaneous process. putting molecules together, products have more energy than reactants. energy flowing uphill

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12
Q

combustion

A

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, uncontrolled reaction

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13
Q

catabolism

A

exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, need enzymes in order for this reaction to occur, controlled reaction

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14
Q

delta G=0

A

system is at equilibrium, steady state

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15
Q

delta G>0

A

requires input of energy, endothermic/endergonic

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16
Q

delta G<0

A

gives off energy, exothermic/exergonic

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17
Q

covalent bonds

A

involves sharing a pair of electrons in the form of orbital overlap

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18
Q

ionic interactions

A

transfer of electrons between very positive (easily donatable electron) to very negative (easily acceptable electron) elements
occurs between oppositely charged ions, held together with electrostatic interactions

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19
Q

Van der Waal’s forces

A

responsible for cohesion of non-polar liquids (alkanes)

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20
Q

Van der Waal’s contact

A

when the repulsive forces of a pair of atom electron clouds is balanced by van der Waal’s forces

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21
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

driven by entropic effects of water

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22
Q

henderson-hasselbalch equation

A

expresses relationship between pH of solution, pKa of acid group, and relationship between conjugate base and conjugate acid

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23
Q

buffers

A

weak acids that resist pH changes near their pKa

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24
Q

hydroxylapatite demineralization

A

when saliva pH is acidic hydroxyapatite dissolves (equilibrium to the right)

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25
hydroxylapatite remineralization
when saliva pH returns to normal, hydroxylapatite reforms
26
significance of pKa for acids/bases
pKa is the number tied to the pH range, tells us the half-dissociation range lower the number, more acidic the solution is
27
type of molecules that it is relevant to use pKa
weak acids, carboxylic acids, or amino groups strong acids dissociate all the way rendering pKa useless
28
charge of carboxylic acid at a pH BELOW pKa
neutral
29
charge of carboxylic acid at pH ABOVE pKa
negative
30
charge of ammonia at pH BELOW pKa
positive
31
charge of ammonia at pH ABOVE pKa
neutral
32
effect of increasing acidity on hydroxyapatite
hydroxyapatite will dissolve, goes into solution causing enamel to wear away on the tooth
33
pH>pI
protein charge negative
34
pH
protein charge positive
35
dissociable functional groups of amino acids
carboxylic group, amino group
36
approximate pKa of amino acid carboxyl group
3-4 range
37
approximate pKa of an amino group
9-10
38
pI of a protein
pH at which the net protein charge is zero, reflects the balance between amino and carboxylic groups in a protein
39
apatite, made of calcium and phosphate
inorganic components of teeth
40
dentin phosphoryn, dentin matrix protein, dentin sialoprotein, enamel amylogenin, proteoglycans
protein components of teeth
41
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, rather it is converted
first law of thermodynamics
42
the amount of disorder in the universe resulting from a biological chemical process always increases
second law of thermodynamics
43
thermal energy- energy of motion, heat energy radiant energy- energy of light
kinetic energy
44
energy stored in chemical bonds, energy of concentration gradients, electric potential
potential energy
45
all cells maintain a gradient of electrical charge across their plasma membrane
electric potential
46
used for maintenance of ideal temperature for enzymatic reactions, cells do not use heat to do work
thermal energy
47
an organism must continuously maintain order with respect to its environment. in order for an organism to maintain itself, it must constantly exert energy
metabolism
48
spontaneous process. energy flowing downhill, reactants/starting material has more energy than products
negative delta G
49
non-spontaneous/reverse spontaneous process. putting molecules together, products have more energy than reactants. energy flowing uphill
positive delta G
50
exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, uncontrolled reaction
combustion
51
exothermic process, negative gibbs free energy, need enzymes in order for this reaction to occur, controlled reaction
catabolism
52
system is at equilibrium, steady state
delta G=0
53
requires input of energy, endothermic/endergonic
delta G>0
54
gives off energy, exothermic/exergonic
delta G<0
55
involves sharing a pair of electrons in the form of orbital overlap
covalent bonds
56
transfer of electrons between very positive (easily donatable electron) to very negative (easily acceptable electron) elements occurs between oppositely charged ions, held together with electrostatic interactions
ionic interactions
57
responsible for cohesion of non-polar liquids (alkanes)
Van der Waal's forces
58
when the repulsive forces of a pair of atom electron clouds is balanced by van der Waal's forces
Van der Waal's contact
59
driven by entropic effects of water
hydrophobic interactions
60
expresses relationship between pH of solution, pKa of acid group, and relationship between conjugate base and conjugate acid
henderson-hasselbalch equation
61
weak acids that resist pH changes near their pKa
buffers
62
when saliva pH is acidic hydroxyapatite dissolves (equilibrium to the right)
hydroxylapatite demineralization
63
when saliva pH returns to normal, hydroxylapatite reforms
hydroxylapatite remineralization
64
pKa is the number tied to the pH range, tells us the half-dissociation range lower the number, more acidic the solution is
significance of pKa for acids/bases
65
weak acids, carboxylic acids, or amino groups strong acids dissociate all the way rendering pKa useless
type of molecules that it is relevant to use pKa
66
neutral
charge of carboxylic acid at a pH BELOW pKa
67
negative
charge of carboxylic acid at pH ABOVE pKa
68
positive
charge of ammonia at pH BELOW pKa
69
neutral
charge of ammonia at pH ABOVE pKa
70
hydroxyapatite will dissolve, goes into solution causing enamel to wear away on the tooth
effect of increasing acidity on hydroxyapatite
71
protein charge negative
pH>pI
72
protein charge positive
pH
73
carboxylic group, amino group
dissociable functional groups of amino acids
74
3-4 range
approximate pKa of amino acid carboxyl group
75
9-10
approximate pKa of an amino group
76
pH at which the net protein charge is zero, reflects the balance between amino and carboxylic groups in a protein
pI of a protein

Biochem Exam 1 (7 decks)

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