Lecture 6

Question 1

anti-bacterial

Answer 1

amylases, cystains, histains, mucins, peroxidases

Question 2

buffering

Answer 2

carbonic anhydrases, histains

Question 3

digestion

Answer 3

amylases, mucins

Question 4

mineralization

Answer 4

cystains, histains, proline-rich proteins, statherins

Question 5

lubrication and viscoelasticity

Answer 5

mucins, statherins

Question 6

tissue coating

Answer 6

amylases, cystains, mucine, proline-rich proteins, statherins

Question 7

anti-fungal

Answer 7

histains

Question 8

anti-viral

Answer 8

cystatins, mucins

Question 9

properties of mucin that contribute to saliva

Answer 9

large size, viscosity, contain lots of glycosylation, provides barrier against pathogens

Question 10

shear rate

Answer 10

saliva being moved back and forth by force

Question 11

lower shear rate

Answer 11

when saliva is at rest, more viscous, good for coating surfaces

Question 12

higher shear rate

Answer 12

when saliva is moving, like in chewing, becomes less viscous and becomes good for moving/dissolving food

Question 13

netonian fluid

Answer 13

a fluid whose viscosity is constant, even when flowing

Question 14

non-newtonian fluids

Answer 14

a fluid whose viscosity changes when applied forces change

Question 15

shear thinning

Answer 15

viscosity decreases when force is applied to the fluid

Question 16

xerostomia

Answer 16

lack of saliva production, caused by aging, medications, diseases, drug abuse, or radiotherapy

Question 17

saliva orthana

Answer 17

mucin-based saliva substitute, behaves like a newtonian fluid, not like natural saliva (non-newtonian fluid)

Question 18

carboxymethyl cellulose

Answer 18

what many commercial saliva substitutes are made of, chemically modified form of cellulose. behaves as a newtonian fluid but is good for lubrication

Question 19

classical and contemporary reasons for sub-cellular fractionation

Answer 19

yield, activity, specific activity

Question 20

differential centrifugation

Answer 20

cells are distributed in a homogenizer and the resulting mixture, called the homogenate, is centrifuged in a step-by-step fashion of centrifugal force

Question 21

size based separations: dialysis

Answer 21

protein molecules are retained in the dialysis bag whereas small molecules diffuse into the surrounding medium

Question 22

size based separations: centrifugal concentrators

Answer 22

centrifugal force pushes solution through a membrane with size selective pores. useful for concentrating, desalting proteins

Question 23

size based separations: gel filtration chromatogrophy

Answer 23

higher resolution separation than dialysis, smaller proteins experience a higher mobile phase volume becaues they are able to enter pores of the stationary phase beads

Question 24

gel filtration chromatography resolution

Answer 24

depends on factors including bead diameter, pore size, salt concentration, column volume, and flow rate

Question 25

pH>pI

Answer 25

protein will be negatively charged

Question 26

pH

Answer 26

protein will be positively charged

Question 27

cation exchange

Answer 27

positive charged proteins will bind to it because it is a negative molecule

Question 28

anion exchange

Answer 28

negatively charged proteins will bind to it because it is a positive molecule

Question 29

ion exchange chromatography

Answer 29

select buffer that is in between the two isoelectric points of the proteins that are trying to be seperated

Question 30

cation exchange in ion exchange chromatography

Answer 30

positively charged proteins will bind to the column, negatively charged proteins will pass through

Question 31

anion exchange in ion exchange chromatography

Answer 31

negatively charged proteins will bind to the column, positively charged ones will pass through

Question 32

separation of hemoglobin

Answer 32

changing the pH of the buffer will separate hemoglobin chains

Question 33

affinity chromatography using antibodies

Answer 33

can purify protein in one step, challenge with this is having a good enough antibody--> producing/identifying an antibody that will only attract the target protein

Question 34

SDS-PAGE

Answer 34

positively charged electrode (at the bottom) will pull proteins through the gel, small proteins will move faster, traveling further down the gel

Question 35

isoelectric focusing

Answer 35

uses gradient of pH--> negative proteins will travel to anode (positive charge) and positive proteins will travel to cathode (negative charge). proteins will migrate to their isoelectric pH, the location where they have no net charge

Question 36

high performance liquid chromatography

Answer 36

a pumping system that pushes solvent through a column packed with small beads (approx. 5 microns) - chromatographic resolution increases as the size of the chromatographic beads decreases - the pressure required to push the solvent (mobile phase) through the packed beads increases as their size decreases

Question 37

reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography

Answer 37

useful means of separating proteolytic peptides using a gradient from low to high percent organic--> helpful for separating intact proteins for structural studies

Question 38

proteomics

Answer 38

- measurements of the proteins in a biological sample - to map protein molecules more precisely in molecular composition across space through time

Question 39

genomics

Answer 39

organismal study of patterns of gene expression related to disease and developmental processes

Question 40

human genome project

Answer 40

all human genes sequenced, approx. 20k human genes

Question 41

functional genomics

Answer 41

effort to make use of the vast wealth of data from the various genomics projects to understand gene and protein functions and interactions - focuses on dynamic aspects of gene transcription, translation, and protein-protein interaction

Question 42

glycomics

Answer 42

study of glycosylation of proteins and lipids on an organismal scale

Question 43

metabolomics

Answer 43

study of the patterns of small molecule metabolites expressed in a biological system