Lecture 4 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is Human Demography
Studies changes in population size, structure, and geographic distribution
Changes in population size, structure and geographic distribution are the result of? (*AND AFFECT)
- fertility
- mortality
- migration
Why should health researchers care about demography and factors affect population dynamics
demography, population health, & economic social cultural factors and ecological and biological processes
ALL AFFECT EACH OTHER
What can you learn from an age structure pyramid
- frequencies of ages in a pop
- male female ratio
What is population growth rate
r = birth rate + net migration - death rate
What is life expectancy
Average number of years remaining for an individual
What is age patterns of mortality
age specific mortality rates (fraction of cohort alive at the START OF THE INTERVAL)
What is sex differentials
women tend to live longer than males (with some exception) in contemporary industrialized populations
What impacts human fertility
- variation in male fecundity
- variation in female fecundity
How important is variation in male fecundity for HD
not as important as female fertility
why is variation in female fecundity critical for HD
- age
- energetics
- lactation
- disease
- social environment
What explains variation in female fecundity
- ovarian hormone levels
- frequency of ovulation
- size of follicle before ovulation
- thickness of the uterine lining
- fetal loss
do faster reproductive rates (shorter IBI) result in population growth?
not always, they can be associated with shorter life spans by increased maternal and child morbidity and mortality
What are some social regulations of human fertility
- regulation of formation of reproductive unions
- exposure to intercourse
- probability of conception and birth, given intercourse
- pattern of intercourse within reproductive unions
- behavioural regulation of probability of conception and live birth
how does disease impact female fecundity
- STDs - blockage of fallopian tubes
- infections during childbirth -> damage to the reproductive tract
- Malaria -> increase rate of embryonic loss
What is the demographic transition
- transition from high death and birth rates to low death and birth rates
What are associated factors to demographic transition
- energetic resources
- contraceptive methods
- negative social attitudes towards larger families and increased cost per offspring
What was McKeown’s potential causes for decline in mortality and his conclusion
- host parasite interactions
- introduction of effective sanitary systems
- development of modern medicine
- improvements in nutrition ***
What is the view …. takes on decline of mortality
- multiple factors acting in synergy and resulting in emergent properties
What is migration
a permanent of semi-permanent change in location to a completely new geographical region
Which individual factors determine migration patterns
- age and gender
- voluntary internal migration
- invasion migration
- forced migration
What is voluntary internal migration
- following industrial development
- from country side following urbanization
- urban to urban migration may decline with improved communication
What are the two invasion migration
uncontested migration and contested migration
What is uncontested migration
migration into a region previously unoccupied by humans
