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Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

industrial revolution led to…

A

demographic change

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2
Q

Problems from demographic changes

A
  • accumulation of sewage
  • gray water
  • garbage
  • provision of clean water, food, energy
    SANITARY
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3
Q

What are solutions for the masses

A
  • hospitals
  • public health campaigns
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4
Q

potential solutions for sanitary problems

A

management systems = sewers, garbage, clean water supply

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5
Q

true or false hospitals contributed to outbreaks of highly virulent strains of viruses

A

true

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6
Q

what gave epidemiology as one of the main components of modern health sciences

A

outbreaks of infectious diseases
- emergence of medical maths establish epidemiology as a field

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7
Q

When were hospitals emerged

A

1800s

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8
Q

Important figure for evolution

A

Darwin

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9
Q

What is epidemiology

A

discipline that studies causes of disease looking at WHO is affected, WHERE diseases occur, WHEN they occur and the social, environmental, and lifestyle correlates of disease occurrence

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10
Q

What is disease

A

“biomedical measurable lesion, or an anatomical or physiological ‘irregularity’”

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11
Q

What is the traditional biomedical approach

A

dichotomous - healthy or sick

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12
Q

what are some ways to measure disease

A
  • suffering
  • statistical deviance
  • physical lesion

often correlate but are not sufficient to diagnose a disorder

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13
Q

What are defences

A

symptoms like cough or fever are not defects but are the body’s defences in action

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14
Q

What is the smoke detector principle

A

better to take action, because not doing so will have very bad repercussions

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15
Q

do traits evolve for to or because

A

because

for or to insinuate there is a greater purpose of evolution, when it is really just a process

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16
Q

What are the main categories of illness experiences

A
  • somatic experiences
  • mental dysfunction
  • suffering due to misfortune
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17
Q

does the carrier of illness have to be the one suffering

A

NO
- on occasion illness can be associated with higher reproductive success

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18
Q

what is psychopathies

A
  • deceitful and manipulative
  • superficial charm but lack empathy…
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19
Q

What is natural fallacy

A
  • the idea that something is natural it is good
    WRONG
    not just because it’s natural, doesn’t mean it’s good
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20
Q

Most traditional approach to health challenges the focus tends to be on

A
  1. treatment of immediate symptoms
  2. proximate causes, mechanisms
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21
Q

Why pain, fever, cancer, and negative emotions?

A

despite obvious costs, increase chances of surviving those challenges

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22
Q

What is health status from an evolutionary perspective

A

multidimensional. anatomical and physiological integrity and function can be modified as the result of lesions, genetic mutations, malfunction or in response to environmental challenges. Those changes may result in undesirable, painful, or uncomfortable outcomes

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23
Q

a holistic perspective should include

A

a full explanation, both proximate and ultimate explanations

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24
Q

should we analyze only ultimate or only proximate explanations

A

no, it would be a mistake

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25
collection of epidemiological data
1. analysis of vital stats on morbidity and mortality 2. analysis of large scale population surveys and surveillance
26
who collects data
government, religious authorities, nurses, doctors, local health centers
27
two main quantifiable outcomes
- measures of morbidity - measures of mortality
28
what are measures of morbidity
- incidence and prevalence
29
what is incidence
number of new cases during a particular time interval
30
What is prevalence
The total number of all (old and new) cases of a disease in a given population during a particular time interval
31
Why is the difference between prevalence and incidence largest when evaluating chronic conditions
chronic diseases have a long duration, increasing prevalence
32
What are four basic designs
1. RCT 2. Cohort 3. case control 4. cross sectional
33
what are cohort studies
follow same individuals through time (prospective and retrospective (naturalistic longitudinal studies))
34
what is infectious disease/communicable disease
caused by specific agents or their toxic products which are transmitted from one person to another, directly or indirectly
35
What is noninfectious disease
not transmitted from person to person
36
what is endemic
presence of a certain disease at a relatively constant level at all times
37
What is epidemic
when number of cases in a fairly localized area suddenly increases above the expected level for a short time
38
What is pandemic
when number of cases increases worldwide
39
What are key traits of infectious disease
virulence, transmissibility
40
What is transmissibility
rate at which an infection spreads, usually depends on density of hosts and the virulence of the parasite population
41
what is virulence
The relative effect of a pathogen on its host's health... - the ability of any agent of infection to produce disease, a measure of the severity of the disease a pathogen is capable of causing
42
What are different types of transmission
1. directly transmitted diseases - transmission via direct contact between hosts 2. indirectly transmitted diseases
43
What are types of directly transmitted diseases
1. horizontal - any form of transmission that is not maternal and through direct contact between individuals 2. vertical transmission - maternal transmission from mother to offspring
44
What are types of indirectly transmitted diseases
1. vehicle born 2. vector borne
45
examples of direct transmission
- respiratory, sexual, direct physical contact
46
examples of indirect transmission
1. vehicle - water born - food born - soil born - needle sharing 2. vector - mosquitoes - ticks - fleas - lice - flies
47
why are pathogens pathogens
because of their cost to the host
48
where does costs to the hosts result from?
parasites' use of the hosts resources or damage it causes to the host in its attempt to survive, reproduce and spread
49
what do traditional health sciences tend to focus on
effects of virulence and proximate causes
50
What does an evolutionary and ecological perspective provide
critical information about the ultimate causes of the patterns of virulence and transmission. info can be used to properly prevent and treat outbreaks - by focusing on life history of parasite and host simultaneously
51
what is virulence the product of
complex interactions among evolutionary, ecological, and epidemiological processes
52
examples of evolutionary and ecological changes affecting population dynamics of disease/affect virulence
- spatial structuring - within host dynamics - polymorphism in host resistance - host longevity - population size
53
natural selection leads to the optimization of
virulence strategies, which should vary according to the environment
54
if we can control the _______ we can control their ______ and _________
environment, transmission, virulence
55
do parasites not harm or kill host
FALSE
56
describe life history trade offs between persistence (host survival_ and fecundity
given that greater host exploitation is likely to increase transmission rate but also to reduce host survival and, hence, the time available for transmission.
57
Why does vertical transmission tend to reduce virulence
vertical transmission tends to depend on host survival and reproduction
58
what is cordyceps
influence nervous system to alter host behaviour
59
What is direct life cycle
only one definitive host
60
how does transmission increase in parasites with a direct life cycle
increased social contact with conspecifics
61
What is indirect life cycle
lifecycle includes more than 1 host species
62
What is a way pathogens spread when they have an indirect life cycle
predation....if pathogens hosted by prey may change behaviour so risk of predation increased
63
What is a way pathogens spread when its an STD
increased sexual behaviour/hidden symptoms so more sex
64
What do we need to develop preventative strategies and treatments
understand parasite's life cycle and the strategies it uses to reach its hosts (genetic, physiological, behavioural)

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