Lecture 4/22 - Acid/Base Flashcards

Question

What are properties of strong conjugate bases? Give an example.

Answer 1

Made from weak acids Likes to accept protons Example = HCO₃⁻ H₂CO₃ ⇄ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻

Answer 2

1000:1 Carbonic acid is very dilute & in low concentrations in the body. That is because its being used to either create HCO₃⁻ (and H⁺) or going back into Water and CO₂

Answer 3

Quickly replenished from (water + CO₂) or (H⁺ + HCO₃⁻) in the area. Low amounts in the body & difficult to measure.

Answer 4

1. Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) 2. Phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) 3. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 4. Lactate/lactic acid (C₃H₆O₃) 5. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) (C6H8O6) 6. Salicylic acid (C7H₆O₃) These acids cannot go airbourne → cannot turn into CO₂ and be removed via the lungs Has to be removed by kidneys or liver has to metabolism into something different that can be excreted via kidneys or can be used in the body

Answer 5

Sulfuric acid = sulfate -ate = acid

Answer 6

**False** A healthy person does NOT. An unhealthy person...maybe

Answer 7

Breakdown of food → esp. proteins Avoid protein → go vegetarian This may only be needed if normal mechanisms to get of them aren’t working Kidney failure/liver failure → can be bad when accumulating

Answer 8

**Acetoacetic acid**: Produced in ppl w poor glucose management DM & alcohol hangovers - can’t process sugar → use different metabolic pathway → this is a byproduct - similar to acetone (produces similar smell from DM) **Butyric acid**: Produced in poorly managed DM & poor health - production unexplained **These are both pathological because they are abnormal and should not be present** - These are acids → interact w/ CO₂ in body - Potential proton donors!!!! -These are nonvolatile → handled by kidney & liver

Answer 9

**Acetoacetic acid and actelaldehyde** are the byproducts that cause hangover effects Alcohol dehydrogenase → the enzyme that breaks down ethanol

Answer 10

**Sodium Fluoride (NaF)** Toothpaste → buffer pH in mouth to prevent acid from decaying teeth

Answer 11

**Amino acids** Proteins Purposes: 1. Structural 2. Enzymatic 3. Buffering 4. Assisting w/ other processes

Answer 12

**True** Positive, negative, or neutral

Answer 13

**Normal amounts** of protons (positively charged) interacting with the proteins (negatively charged)

Answer 14

**There’s a decrease in pH → causing an increase in free [H⁺] interacting with proteins → changes the structure of protein → decreases functionality of the protein** Example 1) Hb -changes structure → **O₂ falls off** -**O₂ dissociation curve shifts to RIGHT = BOHR EFFECT** Example 2) Na⁺/K⁺/ATPase pump -Needs ATP to function -changes structure → **pump slows down** d/t decreased functionality → K⁺ leaks back out of cell & pump can’t sequester K⁺ into cell → **hyperkalemia** Example 3) ATP synthase (creates ATP and is abundant in mitochondria) -changes structure → slows down pump d/t decreased functionality → **less ATP generated → less ATP for Na⁺/K⁺/ATPase pump** → Na⁺/K⁺/ATPase pump affected 2x → hyperkalemia worsens

Answer 15

Na⁺/K⁺/ATPase pump

Answer 16

From ATP synthase Created in the mitochondria via **oxidative phosphorylation** in electron transport chain → ECT harness electrons to create a proton gradient → **uses proton gradient to SPIN pumps to make ATP** → oxygen accepts electrons to keep the chain moving Spinning the pumps is what creates ATP

Answer 17

Na⁺/K⁺/ATPase pump

Answer 18

Mild Acidosis → Increased respiratory rate Severe Acidosis → impairs neural tissue → Supress breathing/apnea

Answer 19

pH Abnormal pH: make adjustments to type of drug, administration route, dosage

Answer 20

HCl = hydrochloric salt (acid)

Answer 21

Sodium phenobarbital Fast IV infusion = Painful

Answer 22

For an Acid → pH = -log [H⁺] For a Base → pH = 14 - (-log [H⁺])

Answer 23

[H⁺] = 1 x 10^[-(pH)] [OH⁻] = 1 x 10^{[-(14 - pH)]}

Answer 24

1 - 14 Neutral = 7 Acidic <7 Basic >7

Answer 25

millimoles/Liter (mmol/L) Nanomoles/Liter (nmol/L)

Answer 26

base 10 log log (10) = 1 x 10^-[pH]

Answer 27

Gastric secretions in stomach pH = 1 Tissues in stomach designed to be resistant to the secretions that it produces (thick & leathery) Function: Degrade food

Answer 28

Pancreatic secretions = Bicarbonate pH = 8 Function: Pancreas is behind the stomach & slightly early in digestive tract, **neutralizes gastric acid** to prevent destruction of intestines (soft tissue)

Answer 29

**larger** volume of pancreatic secreations --------------------- gastric pH = 1 & pancreatic pH = 8 If you're comparing them to neutral = 7, gastric secretions are way stronger than pancreatic secreations Need more pancreatic volume to balance out the pH differneces from gastric being much stronger

Answer 30

**Acidotic** Increased intestinal motility → Less pancreatic secreations to neutralize acidic gastric secretions → Higher loss of bicarb vs gastric secretions → Acidosis

Answer 31

**Alkalotic** Vomitting up gastric acid from stomach → LESS acidic gastric secretions for pancreatic secretions to neutralize → excess bicarb continuing to flow in high volumes → alkalosis (This can happen with obstruction)

Answer 32

**milli** 1 milli (m) = 1,000 micro (µ) = 1,000,000 nano (n) 10^-3 = 0.001

Answer 33

**micro** 0.001 milli (m) = 1 micro (µ) = 1,000 nano (n) 10^-6 = 0.000001

Answer 34

decreases ; 10x Solution becoming more basic

Answer 35

increases ; 10x Solution becoming more acidic

Answer 36

- Stabilize pH - Donate protons - Bind to protons

Answer 37

pKa tells you the pH at which the buffer is most effective — in other words, the point where it can best resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

Answer 38

**1. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)** - **Main extracellular fluid buffer** in kidneys (kidneys help produce & regulate it) **2. Proteins (Hb, plasma proteins)** - **Most abundant buffer in the intracellular fluid (ICF) and blood** - Protons positively charged & proteins to negatively charged → protons become not reactive - Hemoglobin (Hb) is a major buffer in RBCs: **3. Phosphate** - **Main intracellular fluid buffer** - High concentrations in cell used for: • Energy storage • Phosphorylation & dephosphorylation (turning things on/off)

Answer 39

ATPase De-phosphorylation

Answer 40

Get rid of CO₂ = lungs need to be working properly **affects the ability of other buffers to work properly**

Answer 41

Other buffers have to do more work (especially if its the lungs that are dysfunctional) Buffers don't work as efficiently

Answer 42

Hb = 15 g/dL [HCO₃⁻] = 24 mmol/L or mEq/L pH = 7.4 [H⁺] = 40 nmol/L (please take note of the units that will be on the graphs)

Answer 43

Hb = 15 g/dL = 6 mEq/L The only black line (normally 2nd line from the top)

Answer 44

Decreased Slope decrease (more horizontal) → **buffer system LESS effective** dt less proteins

Answer 45

**Increased** Steeper slope (more vertical) → **buffer system MORE effective** due to more proteins

Answer 46

They are the blue lines -Hb 20 is line UP from normal -Hb 10 is line BELOW -Hb 5 is below that (These lines dont have an axis so need to know, he wont put the number)

Answer 47

Curved line that represents arterial PCO₂ Normal: PCO₂ = 40 mmHg — 3rd isobar PCO₂ = 20 mmHg — 4th isobar PCO₂ = 60 mmHg — 2nd isobar PCO₂ = 80 mmHg — 1st isobar

Answer 48

10 nmol/L or .01 mmol/L (There are many deviations of this... Please review metrics... could be funny and ask for it in kilomoles...)

Answer 49

**Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis** PCO₂ = 20 mmHg (decreased) Bicarb = 19 mmol/L (decreased) pH = 7.6 (increased) [H⁺] = 25 nmol/L (decreased) (Note: This is assuming Hb = 15 g/dL)

Answer 50

**Uncompensated respiratory acidosis** PCO₂ = 60 mmHg (increased) HCO₃⁻ = 26 mmol/L (increased) pH = 7.25 (decreased) [H⁺] = 55 nmol/L (increased) (Note: This is assuming Hb = 15 g/dL)

Answer 51

**Increased**

Answer 52

pH: ↓↓ PCO₂: ↑↑ HCO₃⁻: ↑ (Nomograph shift: up, left)

Answer 53

pH: ↑↑ PCO₂: ↓↓ HCO₃⁻: ↓ (Nomograph shift: down, right)

Answer 54

pH: ↓↓ (d/t more protons) PCO₂: — HCO₃⁻: ↓↓ (Nomograph shift: down, left) **uncommon → respiratory system usually compensate quickly**

Answer 55

pH: ↑↑ (due to less protons) PCO₂: — HCO₃⁻: ↑↑ (Nomograph shift: down, right) **uncommon → respiratory system usually compensate quickly**

Answer 56

pH: ↓ PCO₂: ↑↑ HCO₃⁻ : ↑↑ Graph shift: further up, right **compensated by kidneys** Kidneys add more bicarb to help even out acidosis

Answer 57

pH: ↑ PCO₂: ↓↓ HCO₃⁻: ↓↓ Graph shift: further down, left **compensated by kidneys** Kidneys reduced bicarb to help compensate with pH

Answer 58

pH: ↓ PCO₂: ↓↓ HCO₃⁻: ↓↓ **Compensated by lungs** Hyperventilation → blow off CO₂ → pH less abnormal (1 arrow)

Answer 59

pH: ↑ PCO₂: ↑↑ HCO₃⁻: ↑↑ **Compensated by lungs** Hypoventilation → increase CO₂ → pH less abnormal (1 arrow)

Answer 60

pH: ↓↓ PCO₂: ↑↑ HCO₃⁻: ↓

Answer 61

pH: ↑↑ PCO₂: ↓↓ HCO₃⁻: ↑

Answer 62

Hyperventilation or blowing off too much CO₂ (increased RR or minute ventilation for too long) Kidneys compensate by producing less HCO₃⁻

Answer 63

1. Decreased ventilation: decreased O₂ in lung → increased CO₂ in blood 2. **Brain stem injury: Head injury → knocks out CNS → All respiratory control centers are here** 3. Spinal cord injury: above C3 = stop breathing; C4/lower = abnormal; includes accessory muscles too 4. Stroke: ischemic or hemorrhagic can affect brainstem 5. Kyphoscoliosis: Abnormal curvature in sagital & coronal plane → Plates & rods from Sx not flexible → difficult to breath normal (restrictive lung diesease) 6. Extreme obesity: decreases chest wall compliance 7. Positioning: laying on back decreases total compliance 8. Opiates: Ex) Fentanyl → worse than sedatives/benzos 9. Anesthetics/Sedatives/Paralytics 10. Volatile gases 11. **Barbiturates: Pure GABA agonists - massive impact on resp control centers - dangerous** ----------------- -restrictive lung diseases -pneumothorax, pleural effusions -pneumonia, pulmonary edema -obstructive diseases, airway obstructions -diseases affecting respiratory muscles -Botulism, Tetanus

Answer 64

CO₂ Poor lung function

Answer 65

False They actually may not be affected by this. If old & unhealthy, then they need those muscles so this population will be affected

Answer 66

**More severe** the breathing problems **Less severe** the breathing problems

Answer 67

**False** They are not pure GABA agonists → Bind at the lower parts of the GABA-R **Causes respiratory distress in combination with pure GABA agonists like alcohol**

Lecture 4/22 - Acid/Base Flashcards

Final (97 cards)