lecture 4

Question 1

what are the type of fat

Answer 1

1. saturated
   - solid at room temp
   - NOT suitable as equine fat supplement because it is hard at room temp. and the horse won’t eat it.
2. unsaturated (double bonds)
   - liquid at room temp.

Question 2

fat is ingested as what

Answer 2

TAG

Question 3

100% of fat is absorbed where ?

Answer 3

in S.I

Question 4

what acts as a detergent in fat digestion

Answer 4

bile acid is continuously made because they do not have a gallbladder

Question 5

Digested fat will travel to the liver in the lymphatic system as

Answer 5

chylomicron

Question 6

T or F: there is more capacity for fat digestion then for starch digestion in the S.I of horses

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what breed of horses are prone to miss-use fat

Answer 7

• poneys
• donkey
• miniature horses
  lead to hyperlipidimia = lots of TAG in bloodstream

Question 8

T of F: fat is a good suppl. to give to a high performance horse it give rise to a lot of energy however it can give “hot” horse

Answer 8

False it is not like NSC it will give lots of energy and keep the horse calm

Question 9

what percentage of fat should be given to a pleasure horse

Answer 9

2-4%

- horses typically consume <2-3% fat/day

Question 10

fat has 1. more energy density than CHO

Answer 10

2.5x more

Question 11

why should you start feeding fat in a slow manner

Answer 11

because the microbes in the S.I are not use to it

Question 12

what are the source of fat in equine diets

Answer 12

• • unsaturated
    1. vegetable oil = 100% fat which is usually the one suppl.
    2. stabilized rice bran = 20%
    3. pelleted feed supplemented with 6-12% fat
    4. fish oil high in Omega 3 however horse do not like it because it has a bad smell

Question 13

protein is necessary for what

Answer 13

• growth
• maintenance
• repair

Question 14

proteins are broken down to 1. in the 2.

Answer 14

1. amino acid

2. s.i.

Question 15

protien help form what

Answer 15

should be 7-20% of the diet

• muscle
• hair
• hoof
• skin

Question 16

T of F: protein is a source of protien

Answer 16

true

Question 17

what are the risks of feeding too much protein

Answer 17

urea in urine increase which can cause respiratory problem if the horse is confined to a stale and can cause environmental problems

Question 18

what is the major enzyme for protein digestion in the stomach and in the s.i.

Answer 18

1. pepsinogen-pepsin

2. pancreatic trypsin

Question 19

there is limited digestion of protein in

Answer 19

L.I

Question 20

what are the forage with high protein content

Answer 20

• legumes: alfalfa, soybeans

- seeds: oil seeds

Question 21

what are the most important EAA

Answer 21

lysin and methionine (most expansive ones too)

Question 22

T or F: Vit are not essential for normal metabolism but are suppl. to increase the immune system

Answer 22

False they are essential for normal metabolism in all animals

Question 23

horses is capable of synthesizing what type of vitamins

Answer 23

vit B, C, D and K

Question 24

what are the essential vitamins in horses

Answer 24

vit A and E

Question 25

vitamine supplementation requirement is dependent on

Answer 25

the quality of rouphage

Question 26

T or F: in fresh grass there will be enough vitamins. However if it is process to hay there will be loos of vitamins especially vitamin B

Answer 26

False loss of vit E especially; vit B can be synthesized by the horse

Question 27

Fat soluble vit. excess = 1. | Water sol. vit. excess = 2.

Answer 27

1. toxicity | 2. excretion

Question 28

role in night vision, cell differnetiation, and immune response to infection

Answer 28

vit. A

Question 29

what is the precursor of Vit A and what is it's active form

Answer 29

beta-carotene --> retinol | - transported to liver for storage = 3-6 month supply

Question 30

where can the horse gets vit A from

Answer 30

high quality leafy forage | pasture grazing

Question 31

what is the plasma conc. of vit A in deficiency (1.) and toxicity 2.

Answer 31

``` deficiency = <10 ug/dl toxicity = 40-60 ug/dl (fragile bones/ hyperostosis/ teratogenesis) ```

Question 32

what is the function of Vit D

Answer 32

helps in maintaining the normal calcium: phosphorus balance

Question 33

tocopherols/ tocotrienols - essential antioxidant - immune function - DNA sunthesis

Answer 33

vit E

Question 34

where will the hoses gets Vit E

Answer 34

high quality hay and grain | - there will be a 80% loss in cutting and bailing process = if you make hay with grass

Question 35

what will a deficiency in Vit E cause

Answer 35

1. white muscle disease (Se) - should give Vit E to mare so that foal gets it through the milk 2. Equome degenerative Myeloencephalopathy 3. Equine Motor Neuron Disease > 2 y/o

Question 36

- coagulation - phylloguinones (#1: dietary) - Menaquinones (#3: produced by intestinal microbes)

Answer 36

Vit K

Question 37

what cause a deficiency in Vit K

Answer 37

- rodenticide ingestion; wafarin block vit K absorption - moldy clover ingestion: coumarin converts to dicoumarol - any disease of L.I that affects the microbial propulation will dicrease production of vit K

Question 38

B1: B2: B7: B12:

Answer 38

``` 1= thiamin - nerve transmission 2= riboflavin - ATP synthesis/ lipib meta 7= biotin - hoof quality 12= cobalamine - synth. of RBC ```

Question 39

where is the vit C produced ?

Answer 39

in the liver from glucose

Question 40

when should you supplement Vit C to growing animals

Answer 40

during stressful period like during weaning