Lecture 4 Flashcards
1
Q
emotion regulation
A
cornerstone of emotional well-being & positive adjustment
begins early – infants
2
Q
caregivers _____ the development of _____
A
scaffold
emotional regulation
3
Q
synchrony
A
caregiver-newborn interactions that are repetitive & rhythmic in organization
4
Q
sensitive adults adjust their emotion management behaviors to:
A
the infants needs & abilities as they grow
5
Q
social referencing
A
basing emotional reactions on caregivers’ behaviors
older infants engage in this
6
Q
emotion regulation underlies
A
behavioral control
7
Q
________ difficulties are seen throughout the stages of development
A
adjustment
8
Q
achievement of self control is a
A
long term process
9
Q
caregivers assist with
A
early emotional regulation
10
Q
behavioral regulation depends on:
A
- cognitive skills
- learning rules
- standards
11
Q
when self-conscious emotions emerge there is often
A
shame & guilt
12
Q
temperament
A
the inborn predisposition to consistently behave & react in a certain way
- an individual’s characteristic mood, activity level & emotional reactivity
13
Q
attachment
A
the emotional bond between infant & caregiver
- longer & more enduring process than bonding
14
Q
securely attached child – parents are typically
A
parents who are consistently warm, responsive & sensitive to the infant’s needs
15
Q
insecurely attached child – parents are typically
A
parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to infant’s needs
16
Q
values development is influenced by
A
consistent supportive caregiver interactions
answer questions such as
“can i trust?”
“is it safe to take risks?”
17
Q
thomas, chess, & birch
A
they identified 3 basic temperament styles – easy, slow to warm up, difficult, or mixed
these are established by 2-3 months & remain relatively stable
18
Q
follow up studies of thomas, chess & birch
A
- easy babies: more likely to be social, popular, independent & successful
- difficult babies: more likely to break laws, less popular, less well liked
19
Q
Kagan & Snidman
A
looked at inhibited vs uninhibited temperaments & found they remained stable with time, were genetically based & predicted anxiety later in life
20
Q
difficult babies
A
intense emotions
highly reactive
fearful
irritable
21
Q
easy babies
A
placid
adaptable
positive mood
regular habits
22
Q
slow-to-warm-up babies
A
between the extremes more fearful wary less reactive & irritable slow to adapt withdraw from new situations
23
Q
goodness of fit
A
parents can adjust to the infants temperament to improve this
24
Q
temperament & caregiving effects interact
A
having a mutual influence over time
25
bonding
the tie an infant may form with a parent in the hours after birth
26
how does the earliest piece of attachment occur?
baby cries, eliciting care from parents
27
social smiling
4 to 6 wks old
| - elicits joy & pleasure from parent
28
short absence of parent @ 6 months old
causes baby to display pleasure when parent returns
29
separation anxiety
- occurs at 9 months
| - signal that attachment has formed
30
erikson & attachment
- consistent, sensitive care helps infants establish basic trust & feelings of worthiness
- early attitudes towards the self & others create hope that other relationships will be positive & therefore be worth pursuing
31
lorenz & attachment
- ethologist; how animals behave
| - imprinting
32
bowlby & attachment
- evolutionary underpinnings & the attachment system
- 1st to study humans
"FATHER OF ATTACHMENT THEORY"
- theorized that innate behaviors ensure the infants safety & survival by bonding the infant to a primary caregiver for proximity maintenance, providing a secure base & safe haven
- baby's connection to caregiver emerges in stages - resulting in cognitive & emotional developments
- the quality of the infants first attachments effect his behavior/expectation in later relationships
33
ainsworth & attachment
created the strange situation test & systematically assessed attachment quality
found 3 types of attachment- secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent
later studies found a 4th type- disorganized/disoriented
34
imprinting
- formation of strong bond of attachment to the first moving thing seen after birth
- lorenz made himself the first thing seen by the goslings & they followed him around
(Lorenz & attachment)
35
Harlow's monkeys & attachment
- baby monkeys separated from mommas right after birth
- some were put in a room with wire cylinder surrogate mother
- some were put in a room with a soft, terry cloth covered cylinder
- when scared monkeys would go to the soft mother
- shows that attachment is about who provides CONTACT COMFORT
36
implications of Harlow's monkeys
- social isolation = leads to serious problems
- normal development requires affectionate contact
- lack of social contact, rather than lack of parent causes the problem
- lesser periods of isolation may be overcome, longer periods cause irreparable damage
37
strange situation
study quality of attachment in infants
- observed a 12-18 month old child's reaction when a mother is present with the child in a strange room, when the mother leaves & when the mother returns
AINSWORTH
38
secure type attachment
use mothers as a secure based, look around occasionally, limited exploration in mother's absence.
cried when momma left & happy upon their return
65-70%
AINSWORTH
39
insecure-avoidant type attachment
- paid little attention to momma when she was in room, separated easily from mother
- showed little distress when she left & ignored her upon return
20%
AINSWORTH
40
insecure-ambivalent type attachment
- clung to mother & were reluctant to explore environment
- high level of distress when mom left & still showed distress upon her return
10%
AINSWORTH
41
disorganized/disoriented attachment
infant appears confused & were unable to approach the mother directly for support even when distressed
AINSWORTH
- this attachment pattern was revealed in later studies
42
Mothers of securely attached babies provide
consistent & sensitive care
43
mothers of insecurely attached babies are
more likely to be insensitive
44
mothers of disorganized/disoriented babies may be
abusive
| neglectful
45
early social bonding links
biology & behavior
46
infants securely attached to one parent are likely to be:
securely attached to both but not always
47
mothers and fathers tend to parent ______
similarly!
- both highly involved & responsive (or both NOT)
48
if caregiving changes, attachment _________
can change
49
cultural influences on infant attachment
- majority of infants are securely attached across cultures
| - variations in distribution of attachment patterns
50
in regards to day care or non-maternal care the most important thing is:
the overall quality of the care
51
daycare & attachment
- some people believe daycare interferes with attachment
- research shows no effects on infant-mother attachment
- some research suggests that children in daycare may be more aggressive (this may be shitty daycare programs tho)
- high quality day care seems to have no negative effects
52
early experiences in childhood education build
brain architecture
| behavioral foundations
53
universal pre-k movement aims to
bring more uniformity to the purpose & consistency in quality
54
how does early education help?
- build skills to support later academic success
- cognitive skills & executive functions
- understanding of self, physical & social world
- skills in controlling emotions & behavior
55
how does early education help literacy?
- grow a good vocabulary
- narrative or story telling skills
- extensive/positive experiences with books
- phonological awareness
56
challenges of parents that occur as infants become toddlers
- begin to shape child's autonomous actions
- monitor & control to maintain safety
- influence culturally appropriate behavior
57
power assertion
- physical punishment/threats, withdrawal of privileges (mild to severe)
- effective immediate control, but not longer term, harsh forms increase aggression
58
love withdrawal
withdrawing attention/affection, expressing disappointment
- elicits compliance, but generates high anxiety, few effects on long term self-regulation
59
induction
use of explanation, appealing to child's desire to be grown up
- most effective for promoting internalization of rules & longer term self-regulation
60
authoritative
less concerned with obedience, high warmth along with high demands
outcome: better adaptability, social relations, competence, self-esteem
61
authoritarian
value obedience & use a high degree of power assertion, low warmth, high demand
outcome: greater irritability, anxiety, anger
62
permissive
most tolerant, least likely to use discipline, high or moderate warmth, but low demand
outcome: more uncontrolled, impulsive behavior, low levels of self-reliance
63
neglectful
completely uninvolved
low warmth
low demand
outcome: more impulsive, aggressive, depressed, low self-esteem
64
shared ______ & _______ may influence parenting style & child behavior
inheritance & traits
65
child's temperament influences _______, ________, & _________ to parenting strategies
1) parenting
2) outcomes
3) susceptibility
66
cultural context
- shapes parenting practices & effectiveness
- important not to combine culture with geography, SES or race
- wide variation both within & between groups
67
developing self-system (conscience)
- affected by parenting
| - self esteem, behavioral self regulation, internalization of standards & rules
68
internalization
associated with conscience
| -- feelings of distress when one violates a rule or contemplates violating a rule
69
The two aspects of parenting promote the process of conscience development
1) warmth
2) responsiveness
^^^^facilitates ones self control^^^^
70
early attachment predicts later functioning, in terms of
- dependency
- self-confidence
- social skills
71
parents own attachment predicts:
their child's attachment
72
sensitivity towards the child is more important than
specific practices
| - IE BOTTLE FEEDING VS BREAST FEEDING
73
attachment in context
- parents relationships, extended family, schools, neighborhoods, etc can affect emotional wellbeing
- attachment security can be a protective factor in otherwise difficult circumstances
74
parent training
- it is efficacious for children
- reduces non-compliance & promotes pro-social behavior
- can substantially strengthen limit-setting side of authoritativeness, improving quality of life @ home & reducing stress
75
ADHD & parent training
multimodal treatment that includes medication, behavioral treatment (i.e. parent management) is much more effective
76
essential elements of parent training programs (4)
1) directed towards parents
2) parents are taught to observe & define children's noncompliance in behavioral terms & note their own part in the interactions
3) learning theory is taught to parents & applied in ways that achieve goals of treatment
4) parents put these ideas into effect at home
77
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Infants 0 - 1
freud- oral stage
erikson- trust vs mistrust
piaget- sensori-motor
78
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Toddler 1-3
freud- oral & anal stages
erikson- autonomy vs shame & doubt
piaget- sensori-motor & preoperational
79
Freud, Erikson & Piaget @ Preschool 3-5
freud- phallic
erikson- initiative vs. guilt
piaget- pre-operational (preconceptual/intuitive)
80
emotional expression @ 10 months
expresses recognizable: anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety & affection
81
emotional expression @ 12 months
anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety & affection emotions are distinguishable
82
infant social development (6)
1) learns crying to get others attention
2) social smiling in response to others smiling
3) stranger anxiety during 2nd half of 1st year
4) responds to name between 7 & 11 months
5) responds to requests by end of 1st year
6) caregiver interactions teach infant about trust or mistrust
83
infant cognitive development 0 - 3 months
- looks back & forth between objects
| - watches an object move slowly through their line of vision
84
infant cognitive development 3 - 6 months
- looks towards noise
- mouths toys
- bangs toys
- repetitive limb movements cause action to recur
- pulls cloth from face
- reaches for and grasps toy
85
infant cognitive development 6-9 months
- drops toy without watching result
- finds partially hidden toy
- finds completely hidden toy (object permanence @ 9 months)
- shakes toy
- moves to get toy
86
infant cognitive development 9 - 12 months
- cause & effect
- turns over blank card to see pic on other side
- intentionally drops items to watch them fall
87
stranger anxiety should dissipate by
age 2.5 to 3 yrs old
88
temper tantrums
occur weakly in 50 to 80% of toddlers
- peak @ 18 months
- most disappear by age 3
89
sibling rivalry
aggressive behavior towards new infant
- peak @ 1 to 2 years old but may be prolonged indefinitely
90
thumb sucking
self regulation skill
91
toilet training occurs as a
toddler
92
solitary play
up to 1.5 yrs old
93
parallel play
they play side by side, doing the same thing as playmate, yet there is no interaction
94
social development at 15-24 months
- begin to imitate peers, go back & forth, imitate parents
95
social development at 2 years old
- begin to have preferences in playmates
| - up to 3 years old gender of friends does not seem to matter
96
cooperative play
- 3 to 3.5 yrs old
| - children begin to play with each other & interact
97
social pretend play
3 years old
| - children imitate adult roles with peers (i.e., doctor, chef)
98
toddler cognitive development important stuff
- symbolic & representational thought flourishes
- self-recognition
- relies on sensorimotor info to distinguish self from and understanding environment
- egocentric
99
emotional development of preschoolers
- fears dark
- impatient & selfish tendencies
- expresses aggression through physical/verbal behaviors
- jealousy of siblings
100
preschooler social development
- short separation from parents ok
- less dependent on parents
- dreams & nightmares
- attachment to opposite sex parent
- cooperative play
101
Erikson & preschool
- develops a sense of initiative, he wants to learn what to do for himself, & learn about the world & other people
102
preschooler cognitive development
- egocentric
| - preoperational/pre-conceptual reasoning: begins to give reasons for beliefs & actions with symbolic rationale
103
language
- meaning behind what we say
| - consists of a set of socially shared rules
104
speech
verbal means of communicating
105
phonetics
how words sound
language
106
semantics
what words mean
language
107
pragmatics
how to put words together
language
108
morphology
how to make new words
language
109
syntax/grammar
what word combinations are best in a given situation
language
110
articulations
how speech sounds are made
speech
111
voice
using the vocal folds & breathing to produce sounds
speech
112
fluency
rhythm of speech
speech
113
Noam Chomsky
asserts that every child is born with a biological predisposition to learn language
"universal grammar"
114
motherese
infant directed speech
baby talk done by mothers -- occurs in all cultures
115
quantity and quality of language experience is
critical to learning
116
play
an activity engaged for enjoyment or recreation
117
why is play important
invaluable tool in the facilitation of development across domains
118
sensorimotor
PIAGET
0 yrs old
- child spends time exploring & manipulating objects -- senses & motor skills are used
i.e. rolling a ball
119
symbolic
PIAGET
1 yrs old
- child begins to interpret the world in terms of images and symbols & has the ability to use language to pretend i.e. holding a phone
120
constructive
PIAGET
2 yrs old
- Child begins to use objects to build things
i.e. block tower
121
substitute pretend
PIAGET
2 Yrs old
- child begins to use objects to stand for something altogether different
i.e. stick is a sword
122
rule governed
PIAGET
5 + yrs old
- child begins to prefer rule based pretending (i.e. cops & robbers) and formal games (i.e. shoots and ladders)
