Lecture 4

Question 1

What does phylogenetic mean?

Answer 1

It means comparatively to other species

Question 2

When did humans start making stone tools?

Answer 2

About 3.5 million years ago

Question 3

Why are these stone tools helpful?

Answer 3

Because they act as a window into the human brain - they show that we had high intellectual levels when they were made

Question 4

How many tools have scientists unearthed in Konso, Ethiopia?

Answer 4

350

Question 5

What is the name of the crows who use tools?

Answer 5

New Caledonian Crow

Question 6

What do the crows use and what do they want to catch?

Answer 6

They use sticks and twigs to catch bugs and they will shorten the length of the twig if it doesn’t work

Question 7

What are the parrots called?

Answer 7

African Grey Parrots

Question 8

What is the Pepperberg parrot called?

Answer 8

Alex

Question 9

What was alex able to identify?

Answer 9

Colours, quantities, shapes and sizes

Question 10

What can dolphins do in terms of tool use?

Answer 10

They spend a lot of time at the bottom of the ocean where it is rough and uncomfortable for their beaks so they use sponges and attach them to their noses.

Question 11

What are the dolphins called?

Answer 11

Wilde battlenose dolphins

Question 12

What are the fish called?

Answer 12

Wrasse fish

Question 13

What do the wrasse fish do to open shells?

Answer 13

When shells are very tough, they throw them at rocks so that they open

Question 14

Which bit of the Palaeolithic period is furthest from us?

Answer 14

The lower palaeolitithic

Question 15

How long ago was the lower Palaeolithic period?

Answer 15

2-1.3 million years ago

Question 16

What tools did they use in the lower Palaeolithic period?

Answer 16

Chopper cores for breaking, pounding or bashing and flakes for cutting and scraping

Question 17

How long are the flakes?

Answer 17

15/16 inches long

Question 18

How long ago was the middle Palaeolithic period?

Answer 18

1.2 - 40,001 years ago

Question 19

What did they use in the middle Palaeolithic period?

Answer 19

Tanged Aterian point (Morocco), Acheulean handaxes (France, UK, Africa - dates from 750-90 kbp), acheulean flakes (Kalambo falls, Zambia),

Question 20

How long ago was the upper Palaeolithic period?

Answer 20

40-8 kbp

Question 21

What did they use in the upper Palaeolithic period?

Answer 21

Miscellaneous tools, started making things for decoration and wall paintings

Question 22

How did they make wall paintings?

Answer 22

By putting their hand on a wall, blowing paint through a straw - hands were more often than not female - cant tell by the ring finger size (longer in the male)

Question 23

Who had bigger brains than the humans?

Answer 23

The Neanderthals

Question 24

What is different about the appearance of the brain through time?

Answer 24

There are more indentations as we get further to us

Question 25

Which part of the brain does the cognitive work?

Answer 25

The cortex

Question 26

How much bigger is our neocortex than predicted for our body size?

Answer 26

Three times

Question 27

Where do we have areas larger than expected?

Answer 27

In the neocortex and the cerebellum

Question 28

Do we have more of less white matter?

Answer 28

More

Question 29

How much does an elephant's brain weigh?

Answer 29

4-5kg

Question 30

How much does a human brain weigh?

Answer 30

1.2-1.5kg

Question 31

Does the size of the brain matter?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

We have more white matter. What is this hypothesis called?

Answer 32

It's called the 'spare capacity ' hypothesis - meaning we have more space in our brains to conceive of other things other than the necessary functions

Question 33

Since brain size is not a good indicator or cognitive ability, what is?

Answer 33

The number of neurons

Question 34

If brain size increases, does the number of neurons?

Answer 34

No

Question 35

Which way do rodent brains and primate brains face?

Answer 35

Rodent brains face right and primates face left

Question 36

If a human's brain was like a rodent's, how big would the brain be?

Answer 36

35kg - the size of a 85 ton whale

Question 37

What happens to the number of neurons in a rodent when the brain size increases?

Answer 37

They increase too

Question 38

Do neurons increase in primate's brain as it gets bigger?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is the brain mass of a rodent, primate and human?

Answer 39

Rodent and Primate = 1500kg and Human = 1508kg

Question 40

How many neurons does a rodent, primate and human have?

Answer 40

Rodent = 12 billion, Primate = 93 billion, Human = 86 billion

Question 41

How many non-neurons does a rodent, primate and human have?

Answer 41

Rodent = 46 billion, Primate = 112 billion, Human = 85 billion

Question 42

Why don't larger bodied primates have larger brains as well?

Answer 42

Because they cannot afford the metabolic cost of supporting a larger number of neurons

Question 43

How much of our body weight is the brain?

Answer 43

2%

Question 44

How much of out energy does the brain consume?

Answer 44

25%

Question 45

What did human evolution do to counter the need for energy?

Answer 45

The metabolism increased

Question 46

What did the leap forward in technological advancement lead to?

Answer 46

The emergence of homo erectus/homo ergaster

Question 47

When did butchery/meat eating occur?

Answer 47

3.4 million years ago

Question 48

How could we increase the energy we consumed?

Answer 48

The introduction of habitual fire use

Question 49

When did fire use occur?

Answer 49

790,000 years ago but there are suggestions it goes back much further

Question 50

Why is cooking important?

Answer 50

Because cooking releases more energy

Question 51

What is the evidence for these fires?

Answer 51

The fossil preserved fire pits and the remains of cooked food

Question 52

In which diet is the BMI larger?

Answer 52

In those who have more cooke foods

Question 53

How much larger are the BMIs of those who cook compared to those who eat raw food?

Answer 53

They are about 20-25% larger

Question 54

From what does campylobacter occur?

Answer 54

Raw chicken, lamb, bee, unpasteurised milk and untreated water

Question 55

How quickly does campylobacter happen and for how long does it last?

Answer 55

2-11 hours after consumption and lasts for up to a week

Question 56

What does salmonella come from?

Answer 56

Raw pork and ham, eggs, poultry, unpasteurised milk etc

Question 57

How quickly does salmonella happen and for how long does it last?

Answer 57

12-48 hours after and lasts for varying times depending on the strand

Question 58

What is shigella?

Answer 58

It is only found in the intestines of humans and primates

Question 59

How quickly does shigella happen and for how long does it last?

Answer 59

12-50 hours and lasts for 3-14 days

Question 60

What is E-Coli contracted from?

Answer 60

Raw beef, pork, lamb and unpasteurised milk

Question 61

How quickly does e -coli happen and for how long does it last?

Answer 61

1-4 days after and varying times

Question 62

What is clostridium perfringens contracted from?

Answer 62

Raw and cooked meats, soil and sewage (8-18 hours and lasts for 1-2 days)

Question 63

What is Bacillus cereus?

Answer 63

contracted from soil, dust, rice, dairy and meats like sausages (1-16 hours after and no more than 24 hours)

Question 64

What is staphylococcus aureus?

Answer 64

Mainly found in human skin and is contracted from infected cuts, unpasteurised milk and raw and cooked meats (2-6 hours after and lasts no more than 2 days)

Question 65

What does cooking do?

Answer 65

It kills off bacteria, longer cooking kills off parasite eggs inside

Question 66

What are the main ingredients of soap?

Answer 66

Wood Ash and animal fat

Question 67

When are antiseptic/anti parasitic effects enhanced?

Answer 67

When used in combination with appropriate plant material

Question 68

What are onions?

Answer 68

A powerful antiseptic