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Lexicology > Lecture 4 and 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

major language families are:

A
  • INDO-EUROPEAN
  • URAL-ALTAIC
  • AMERICAN INDIAN – the indigenous languages of the Americas
  • DRAVIDIAN - historically limited to the south of the Indian subcontinent and some areas to the north
  • HAMITIC - Egyptian, Berber (spoken over North Africa and the Sahara)
  • SINO-TIBETAN – the most extensive language family in eastern Asia
  • AUSTRONESIAN – includes the indigenous languages of the Philippines, of Taiwan, of Micronesia and Polynesia, and most of those in Indonesia and Malaysia.
  • SEMITIC
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2
Q

URAL-ALTAIC

A
  • Ural: Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian

- Altaic: Turkish, Mongolian

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3
Q

DRAVIDIAN

A
  • Tamil
  • Telugu
  • Kannada
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4
Q

HAMITIC

A
  • Egyptian, Berber
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5
Q

SINO-TIBETAN

A

a. Tibeto-Burman

b. Chinese

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6
Q

SEMITIC

A

includes Arabic, Hebrew, Amharic (the official language of Ethiopia), Syrian.

Others were important in antiquity, especially Akkadian (spoken especially in Assyria and Babylonia), Aramaic and, Phoenician.

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7
Q

THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY

A
  • The most extensively spoken group of languages in the world
  • PIE gave rise to several language families
  • These are often classified as:
    a. centum languages
    b. satem languages, according to the development of the PIE
    word for hundred (with a k sound as in Latin centum or an s sound as in Sanskrit satem).
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8
Q

Proto-Indo European (PIE)

A

= common source

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9
Q

Centum languages

A
  1. Celtic Languages
  2. Hellenic
  3. Italic Languages
  4. Germanic Languages
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10
Q

Celtic Languages

A
  1. Continental Celtic

2. Insular Celtic

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11
Q

Insular Celtic

A

Gaelic or Goidelic

Cymric or Brittanic

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12
Q

Germanic Languages

A

East, West, North Germanic

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13
Q

Continental Celtic

A

a range of unwritten and extinct languages, the best known of which is Gaulish

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14
Q

Gaelic or Goidelic

A

Scots Gaelic, Irish Gaelic, Manx

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15
Q
  • Cymric or Brittanic
A

Welsh, Cornish

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16
Q

Hellenic dialects

A

Aeolic, Doric and Ionic

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17
Q

became the basis of a standard dialect for the Greek world

A

Attic

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18
Q

major dialects in the ancient Italy

A

Oscan, Umbrian and Latin

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19
Q

East Germanic languages

A

Gothic is the only East Germanic language of which we have any detailed knowledge

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20
Q

North Germanic languages

A

Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Icelandic, Faroese

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21
Q

West Germanic languages

A

English, Dutch, German, Flemish (Dutch spoken in Belgium), Frisian

22
Q

Satem languages

A
  1. Balto-Slavic
  2. Albanian
  3. Armenian
  4. Indo-Iranian
23
Q

Baltic languages

A

Lithuanian, Lettish, Prussia

24
Q

Slavic languages

A

(East) Russian, Ukrainian; (West) Polish, Czech, Slovak;

(South) Bulgarian, Slovenian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croat

25
Q

they were the earliest inhabitants of the British islands; their influence spread to Britain and Ireland in the late Bronze Age and Iron Age

A

THE CELTS

26
Q

a name for the parts of Britain where many people are descended from Celts,
such as Scotland, Ireland, Wales and Cornwall. The phrase is used mainly by people of England, who feel that they have a different way of life

A

the Celtic fringe

27
Q

They occupied Britain from around 55 BC to AD 410

A

THE ROMANS

28
Q

Julius Caesar came to Britain in

A

55 BC and 54 BC, defeating the local Celtic tribes

29
Q

The Celtic tradition is also known for decorating texts from the Bible such as

A

the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels

30
Q

in AD 43 the emperor Claudius ordered an invasion and southern Britain became …

A

Britannia, a province of the Roman Empire which was ruled by a Roman governor

31
Q

the Romans founded over 20 large towns called coloniae, including

A

Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln

32
Q

the Picts lived in northern Scotland between….

A

the 1st and 9th centuries AD

33
Q

ANGLES, SAXONS, JUTES – these Germanic invaders came to the island (not as allies, but as conquerors) in…

A

449

34
Q

VIKING INVASIONS – the Vikings attacked parts of northern and western Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the…..

in Britain they were also known as…..

A

8th – 11th centuries

Danes or Norsemen

35
Q

Germanic invaders called the native Celts ……

A

Wealas (foreigners); today Welsh.

36
Q

The native Celts called the Germanic invaders….

A

Sassenachs (Saxons)

37
Q

the term (Angles) was used in the …

A

6th century

38
Q

the Latin name for the country was Angli or Anglia in the..

A

7th century

39
Q

Angli/Anglia became Engle (OE) then….

A

Engleland (10th century)

40
Q

the name of language was

A

Englisc (sc=sh)

41
Q

PERIODS IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH

A
  1. OLD ENGLISH PERIOD (450 - 1066)
  2. MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD (1066 - 1500)
  3. MODERN ENGLISH PERIOD (1500 - )
42
Q

the literary age (of OE) began

A

after the first Christian missionaries from Rome came (597 AD);

43
Q

glossaries of Latin words were translated into OE- the most important work

A

Beowulf (1000)

44
Q

OE spelling had some features:

A
  • absence of capital letters;
  • some letters were absent (f, j, v, x, z);
  • numbers were written in Roman symbols
45
Q

(oe) language was characterized by the frequent use of…..

e. g. banhus (bone house) for ‘a person’s body

A

coinages (aka kennings)

46
Q

early materials are of limited value; they were written in French or Latin

A

middle english

47
Q

language is characterized by leveling of endings/losing of inflections

A

middle english

48
Q

Caxton sets up the printing press in Westminster in ..

A

in 1476

49
Q

Inner Circle

A

where English is the primary language

50
Q

Outer Circle

A

English is used in institutions; India, Nigeria, Singapore

51
Q

Expanding Circle

A

English has no special status; China, Japan, Poland, Sweden, Romania

Lexicology (11 decks)

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