lecture 4- antibiotics

Question 1

cell wall synthesis

Answer 1

cycloserine
vancomycin 
bacitracin 
penicillin 
cephalosporin
monobactams
carbapenems

Question 2

protein synthesis (50s)

Answer 2

erythromycin (macrolides)
chloramphenicol
clindamycin
lincomycine

Question 3

DNA gyrase

Answer 3

quinolones

Question 4

RNA elongation

Answer 4

actinomycin

Question 5

Proteins synthesis (30s)

Answer 5

tetracycline
Spectinomycin 
streptomycin
gentamicin
kanamycin
amikacin 
nitrofurans

Question 6

protein synthesis (tRNA)

Answer 6

Mupirocin

puromycin

Question 7

cytoplasmic membrane and structure

Answer 7

polymyxins

Daptomycin

Question 8

folic acid metabolism

Answer 8

trimethoprim

sulphonamides

Question 9

bacillus licheniformis

Answer 9

Bacitracin

Question 10

cephalosporium spp.

Answer 10

cephalosporins

Question 11

streptomycin griseus

Answer 11

cycloheximide

Question 12

streptomycin orchidaceus

Answer 12

cycloserine

Question 13

streptomycin erythreus

Answer 13

erythromycin

Question 14

penicillium griseofulvum

Answer 14

griseofulvin

Question 15

streptomyces kanamyceticus

Answer 15

kanamycin

Question 16

streptomyces linolnensis

Answer 16

lincomycin

Question 17

streptomyces fradiae

Answer 17

neomycin

Question 18

streptomyces noursei

Answer 18

nystatin

Question 19

penicillium chrysogenum

Answer 19

penicillin

Question 20

bacillus polymyxa

Answer 20

polymyxin B

Question 21

streptomyces griseus

Answer 21

streptomycin

Question 22

streptomyces rimosus

Answer 22

tetracycline

Question 23

aminoglycosides

Answer 23

kanamycin
neomycin
amikacin

Question 24

macrolides

Answer 24

erythromycin

Question 25

sensitive to beta-lactamase

Answer 25

``` penicillin G (gram +) ampicillin + amoxicillin (broad spectrum- both gram negative and positive) ```

Question 26

resistant to beta-lactamase

Answer 26

methicillin | oxacillin

Question 27

against mycobacteria

Answer 27

isoniazid

Question 28

against gram negative

Answer 28

polymyxins | tobramycin

Question 29

against gram positive

Answer 29

penicillin vancomycin daptomycin

Question 30

against both gram negative and gram positive

Answer 30

``` Aminoglycosides (except for streptomycin) Ampicillin Amoxicillin Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Augmentin) Carbapenems (e.g. imipenem) Piperacillin/tazobactam Quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Ticarcillin bactrim ```

Question 31

antibiotics in order of worldwide production

Answer 31

beta-lactams fluoroquinolones macrolides aminoglycosides

Question 32

bacteriostatic

Answer 32

``` stop growth by interfering with: DNA replication protein production cellular metabolism *usually bind to ribosomes ```

Question 33

examples of bacteriostatic antibiotics

Answer 33

``` tetracycline sulphonamides macrolides chloramphenicol spectinomycin trimethorprim ```

Question 34

Bacteriocidal

Answer 34

kill bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis | cells are not destroyed so total cell count remains constant and is reflected by the turbidity of the culture

Question 35

examples of bactericidal antibiotics

Answer 35

beta-lactams cephalosporins vancomycin fluoroquinolone

Question 36

bacteriolytic

Answer 36

type of bactericidal but kills bacteria by causing lysis | because the cell is damaged it cannot be viewed therefore there is a decrease in total cell count

Question 37

examples of bacteriolytic

Answer 37

polymyxin B and penicillin

Question 38

resistance mechanism in penicillin

Answer 38

reduced permeability | inactivation of antibiotic by beta-lactamase

Question 39

resistance mechanism in chloramphenicol

Answer 39

efflux | inactivation of antibiotic by acetylation

Question 40

resistance mechanism of aminoglycosides

Answer 40

inactivation of antibiotic

Question 41

resistance mechanism of erythromycin, streptomycin,

Answer 41

efflux and alteration of target e.g. ribosome

Question 42

resistance mechanism for rifamycin

Answer 42

alteration of target e.g RNA polymerase

Question 43

resistance mechanism of norfloxacin

Answer 43

DNA gyrase

Question 44

resistance mechanism for sulphonamides

Answer 44

resistant biochemical pathways e.g. folic acid synthesis

Question 45

resistance mechanism for tetracycline

Answer 45

efflux

Question 46

resistance against streptomycin

Answer 46

inactivation of antibiotic by phosphorylation and adenylation

Question 47

drug resistant genes found on which plasmid

Answer 47

R plasmid

Question 48

aminoglycosides

Answer 48

Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin