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HUBS191 jaiden > lecture 4 - bone tissue > Flashcards

lecture 4 - bone tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the percentages of organic and inorganic components of the extracellular matrix of bone?

A

33% organic, 67% inorganic

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2
Q

What is the main organic component of bone tissue?

A

Collagen

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3
Q

What is the purpose of collagen in bone tissue?

A

To make it slightly flexible, preventing shattering of the bone

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4
Q

How is collagen structured in bone tissue?

A

Long fibres of collagen sit in a ground substance called proteoglycans

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5
Q

What is the ground substances that collagen sits in?

A

Proteoglycans

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6
Q

What are the inorganic components of bones?

A

Mineral salts

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7
Q

What is the main mineral salt in bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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8
Q

What type of substance is hydroxyapatite?

A

A calcium phosphate mineral

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9
Q

What is the function of the inorganic component of bone tissue?

A

Makes the bone hard and resistant to compression

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10
Q

What percentage of bone mass is given by cells?

A

2%

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11
Q

What are the types of bone cells? (4)

A

Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes

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12
Q

What is the role of osteogenic cells?

A

They are stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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13
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

They produce/build new bone matrix in a process called ossification.

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14
Q

Process of bone growth?

A

Ossification

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15
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

They maintain the bone matrix by recycling proteins and minerals and controlling the production/destruction of bone by directing the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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16
Q

What is the function of Osteoclasts?

A

They remove bone matrix in a process called osteolysis.

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17
Q

Process of bone destruction?

A

Osteolysis

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18
Q

What are the macroscopic features of compact bone?

A

Dense and inpenetrable outer surface (periosteum) with small holes/foramina for the blood supply.

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19
Q

What is the outer surface of bone called?

A

Periosteum

20
Q

What is the outermost layer of compact bone tissue called?

A

Cirfumferential lamellae

21
Q

What fills the gap between osteons in the compact bone matrix?

A

Interstitial lamellae

22
Q

What is the main unit/component of compact bone?

A

Osteon

23
Q

What are the components of an osteon? (4)

A

Central canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

24
Q

What is the function of the central canal of an osteon?

A

It is a tube that contains nerves and blood vessels which carry nutrients to cells within the matrix.

25
Q

What is the structure and function of the lamellae in compact bone?

A

The lamellae form rigid rings around the central canal, and contain collagen to resist forces.

26
Q

What is the structure and function of lacunae in bone tissue?

A

They are ‘lakes’ that hold the osteocytes which maintain the bone and control its growth.

27
Q

What is the structure and function of canaliculi?

A

They are the channels that lead from the central canal, through the extracellular matrix, to the lacunae to provide the osteocytes with nutrients.

28
Q

What are the struts found in cancellous bone?

A

Trabeculae

29
Q

What is the structure of trabeculae?

A

Multidirectional struts of lamella bone.

30
Q

How does cancellous bone resist force?

A

The multidirectional trabeculae struts resist forces around a joint from several directions, before channeling down the diaphysis of a long bone or outwards through a short bone.

31
Q

What is the structure of trabeculae?

A

Made up of lamellae with Lacuna filled osteocytes. The canaculi flow straight to the trabeculae surface, without the need for a central canal as nutrients can be absorbed from within the lattice.

32
Q

How is weight force channeled in the cancellous bone of the pelvis?

A

Weight is channelled around the ilia into the femur.

33
Q

What is the term for an increase in bone diameter?

A

Appositional growth

34
Q

What is the process of appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts add layers of circumferential lamellae to the outer layer of the bone, while osteoclasts remove bone from the medullary cavity.

35
Q

What is bone homeostasis?

A

The balance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity, so that bone mass remains constant.

36
Q

Why might the body break down bone?

A

To mobilise minerals such as calcium and phosphate

37
Q

How is bone structure ‘plastic’?

A

Remodelling allows bones to change shape to withstand repeated stress.

38
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

When bone mass decreases as Osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity

39
Q

What is the diagnosis of clinically significant osteopenia?

A

Osteoporosis

40
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Compression fractures (e.g. of the vertebrae) or breaks due to the weakening of bones caused by the thinning of trabeculae in cancellous bone.

41
Q

At what age does bone mass peak?

A

25-30

42
Q

Why are women more prone to osteoporosis?

A

They lose oestrogen after menopause.

43
Q

How does excercise prevent osteoporosis?

A

it stimulates osteoblastic activity

44
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found in the bone?

A

In the inner layer of the periosteum and in the endosteum

45
Q

What is the name of the cellular layer that lines medullary cavities and blood vessel passage ways in bone?

A

Endosteum

HUBS191 jaiden (36 decks)

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