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21 fall: histology > lecture 4: cartilage > Flashcards

lecture 4: cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

complex of cells and extracellular matrix that provides supporting and connecting framework for all other tissues of the body

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

ECM provides

A

support
a way for cells to interact

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3
Q

ECM can be divided into two groups

A

Fibers

  • provides structural support and tensile strength

ground substance

  • part protein, part sugar
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4
Q

ECM fibers can be broken into 3 groups

A
  • collagenous or fibrillar (30 types; fibril forming and non) (pink rope like structures)
  • reticular (non-fibril- forming) (criss cross network)
  • elastic (elastin) (walls of arteries, allow stretch)
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5
Q

describe ECM ground substance

A

Part sugar/ part protein

glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycan

  • long negative charged chains (sulfate groups and carboxyl groups make it negative)

structural glycoproteins

  • branched
  • (fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, tenascin, thrombospondin, entactin, ect)
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6
Q

what charge does glycosaminoglycans/proteoglycan have and why?

A

sulfate groups and carboxyl groups (make it negative)

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7
Q

Cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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8
Q

chondrocytes secrete ___

A

the extra cellular matrix

ground substance (little specs) usually closer to the cell

fiber component usually farther away from cell

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9
Q

what is this

A

fibril

components of ECM

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10
Q

fibril is made of

A

a bunch of collagen molecule

eosinophilic-will stain pink

placed like “bricks” have little openings (hole zones) between each other that make fibril have stripped appearance

(individual, head to tail quarter staggered collagen molecules)

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11
Q

fibrils will randomly criss cross each other this is called

A

cross striated collagen fibrils

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12
Q

collagen molecule is made of

A

3 polypeptide chains that wind around each other

  • type II collagen
  • trimeric
  • rope like, rigid

+ charged (many basic amino acids’s (lysine and histidine))

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13
Q

what makes collagen molecule positive charge

A

has a lot of positively charged amino acids

lysine and histidine

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14
Q

eosin is a ___ dye

A

acidic dye

negative charge

will stain basic (+) acidophilic structures pink

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15
Q

hematoxylin is a ___ dye

A

basic

positive charge

will stain acidic(-) or basophilic structures blue/purple

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16
Q

collagen is ___ charged therefore it will stain with ___ and be ___

A

positive charged

eosin

pink

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17
Q

make up of ground substance

A

supramolecular aggregate of sulfated proteoglycans (negative charge)

back bone of hyaluronic acid (GAG) glycosaminoglycans

cross attached with proteoglycans (core protein)

each protein have more GAG cross attached to them

attached to each other by link proteins

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18
Q

back bone of ground substance

A

hyaluronic acid (GAG)

glycosaminoglycans (chain of repeating sugar heterodimers)

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19
Q

what is the name of the GAG molecules that attach to the core proteins of ground substance

A

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

(contains sulfate groups, high negative charge)

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20
Q

what is special about

chondroitin sulfate

keratan sulfate

and where are they found

A

contain sulfate groups

high negative charge

cross linked to core proteins of ground substance

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21
Q

what does the negative charge of the GAG chains do

A

spread out for each other and GAG on other core proteins

  • hydrophilic- bind to water/ very hydrated- jello like
  • basophilic ( will bind to hematoxylin- will stain purple)

-metachromatic- shift in color of the stain

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22
Q

what does GAG proteins being hydrophilic do?

A

makes them bind to a bunch of water

gel-like, jello like

very hydrated

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23
Q

most common type of cartilage

A

hyaline

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24
Q

younger cartilage cells live on the ___ of tissue

A

outside

chondroblasts

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25
older, more mature cartilage cells live \_\_\_
deeper within tissue surrounded by ECM- ground substance and type II fibrils Chondrocytes
26
how does cartilage get nutrients
**perichondrium** two layer membrane on surface of cartilage that contains - outer membrane dense irregular connective tissue and vasculature - inner membrane has progenitor cells for cartilage
27
perichondrium layers
- outer membrane dense irregular connective tissue and vasculature - inner membrane has progenitor cells for cartilage
28
what enables cartilage to be compressed
**sulfated proteoglycans** when compressed they will let go of the water and get closer to each other, compress when compression stops, they will rebind to water and expand away from each other
29
proteoglycans can bind to water but will also bind to \_\_\_
growth factors and cytokines needed for cartilage development calcium- prevents cartilage from mineralization (prevents from binding to phosphate which starts mineralization)
30
What does calcium binding to proteoglycan of ground substance of cartilage do?
prevents cartilage from mineralization (prevents from binding to phosphate which starts mineralization)
31
formation of cartilage
chondrogenesis
32
steps of chrondrogenesis
mesenchymal condensations (progenitor cells) chondroblasts chondrocytes isogenic groups
33
mesenchymal cells in chondrogenesis
star shaped cells, migrate as a sheet until they get to where cartilage is to be formed and get pushed together and form into **chondroblasts**
34
chondroblasts
made from mesenchymal cells pushed together start to secrete ECM, when cells make so much ECM it pushes them away from each other they are then referred to as mature **chondrocytes**
35
chondrocytes
surrounded by ECM will divide but can't move away from each other will form **isogenic groups**
36
the matrix directly outside a isogenic group
isogenic group- chondrocyte and its daughter cells **territorial matrix**- usually has more sulfated proteoglycans **(stain purple- more negative)**
37
the matrix father away form isogenic groups
**inter territorial matrix** has less sulfated proteoglycans has more fiber components **stains (pink- more positive)**
38
home where chondrocytes live in the EMC
lacunae
39
where is the perichondrium
40
describe what is happening
**hyaline cartilage** surrounded **2 layer perichondrium** dense irregular connective tissue with vessels and inner layer with progenitor cells **young chondroblasts** secreting ECM forming into chondrocytes **chondrocytes** dividing to turn into **isogenic groups**
41
two ways cartilage can grow
apositional interstitial
42
describe apositional growth of cartilage
outside/border of cartilage **perichondrium** **chondroprogenitors** turning into **chondroblasts** which secrete ECM and turn into **chondrocytes**
43
where does apositional growth of cartilage happen
**perichondrium** (2 layer border of cartilage) happens in inner layer
44
describe interstitial growth of cartilage
**chondrocytes** dividing into **isogenous groups** happens on inside of cartilage
45
because cartilage can ___ it can grow very happidly
grown two ways: apositional and interstitial
46
three types of cartilage
hyaline elastic fribrocartilage
47
describe hyaline cartilage
**type II collagen** **Function:** structural support, rapid growth, withstand compression **Locations:** fetal skeleton, respiratory passages (laryngeal, tracheal, bronchial cartilages), cushioning of joints
48
describe elastic cartilage
**Type II collagen and elastin** **Function:** flexible support, ability to withstand deformation **Location:** external ear, auditory tubes, epiglottis, larynx cartilage
49
describe fibrocartilage
**type I and Type II collagen** **Function:** attachment to bone, provides restricted mobility under great mechanical stress **Location:** annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis, bone-ligament junctions (always found in association with dense connective tissue)
50
in fibrocartilage isogenous groups are found in \_\_\_
rows
51
endochondral ossification
how bone is formed from cartilage precursor **primary center of ossification** **bony collar** forms on diaphysis (shaft) this triggers maturation of cartilage which ends in **cartilage hypertrophy** this allows **vasculature to enter** cartilage which brings cells that **eat cartilage and form bone** will form **bony spicules** and **marrow cavity** This processes is repeated at ends of bone **(secondary center of ossification)** area in between centers of ossification are the **cartilaginous growth plates** When bone fully developed growth plate degrades and **primary and secondary ossification centers fuse**
52
1st step of endochondral ossification
bony collar forms around shaft of bone **perichondrium** becomes **periosteum** triggers **zone of proliferation** **zone of hypertrophy**
53
1st step of endochondral ossification perichondrium becomes \_\_\_
periosteum
54
zones of endochondral ossification
**zone of proliferation** **zone of hypertrophy** **zone of erosion** **zone of ossification**
55
Zone of hypertrophy is able to be \_\_
invaded by vasculature which brings in mesenchymal progenitor cells and chodroclasts and osteoclasts
56
chondroclasts do what\_\_\_
(eat) break down cartilage | (zone of erosion)
57
zone of ossification
mesenchymal progenitor cells transform into **osteoblasts** where bone is being formed on top of the **hypertrophic cartilage remnants**
58
what is I
zone of resting
59
what is II
**zone of proliferation** cartilage cells rapidly divide and form rows
60
what is III
**zone of hypertrophy** cartilage cells grow in size, get really big cartilage cells form different type of ECM
61
What is IV
**Zone of erosion** chondroclasts eat cartilage came from outside bone when vessels invaded
62
What is V
**zone of ossification** mesenchymal cells transform into **osteoblasts** which make bones on the **hypertrophic cartilage matrix backbone** **form trabecular bone** **bone marrow cavity forms**
63
where does cartilage remain when bone is fully grown
articular cap (end of bone) does **not have perichondrium**- can not rebuild itself- **osteoarthritis**
64
structure of hyaline cartilage
avascular hydrated sponge concept molecular seive concept
65
when cartilage is replaced by bone inside of long bones it is called
trabecular bone (spongy bone)
66
in collagen fibril the area where collagen molecules connect
**hole zones** collagen molecules are “staggered” gives stripped appearance
67
Type II collagen
trimeric molecule laterally aggregates into fibrils fibrils criss cross randomly slightly basic (positive), eosinophilic (pink) provides rigid structural support
68
supramolecular PG/GAG aggregates
hyaluronic acid backbone mainly chondroitin/keratan sulfate side chains highly negative, basophilic (purple stain) hydrophilic- spongy, gel like metachromatic stain- changes color of stain
69
outer layer of perichondrium is
gense irregular CT has vessels
70
fibrocartilage forms in\_\_\_
rings isogenous groups are in rows

21 fall: histology (36 decks)

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