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MICROBIOLOGY II > Lecture 4 - Clostridum Botulinum And Perfringens > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Clostridum Botulinum And Perfringens Flashcards

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1
Q

What does LUCA mean

A

Last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

Where are c.bot and perf in phylogenetic tree

A

Firmicuttes (gram positive)

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3
Q

What re defining characteristics of

A

OBLIGATE anaerobe.- havent got enzymes to deal with oxygen
- gram + sporulating rod (terminal, subterminal, distend the sporangium) normally TERMINAL
- Neurotoxin - A,B,C1,D,E,F & G
(Mosaic variants (two additional toxins between C and D. Cd,Dc.

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4
Q

How many toxins does a cell normally produce

A

One but can have more than one. Write like e.g. Af (a IS major toxin but f is minor toxin)

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5
Q

Which macedonian ruler in 886-912 banned the eating of blood sausage to prevent deaths (from c. Bot)

A

Emeperor Leo VI

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6
Q

Who originally described botulinum as bacillus botulinus after ham outbreak

A

Van ermengen

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7
Q

Why was it later reclassified to clostridium form bacillus

A

Bacillus are aerobic

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8
Q

How are 4 groups defied for botulinum

A

Proteolysis

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9
Q

What toxin type, proteolysis abilities, saccharolysis (sugar breakdown) and disease host does Group I

A

Tt - A,B,F
P- is proteolytic
S- Negative for saccharolysis
DH - human

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10
Q

What toxin type, proteolysis abilities, saccharolysis (sugar breakdown) and disease host does Group II

A

Tt- B,E,F
P - Negative
S- positive
Human

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11
Q

What toxin type, proteolysis abilities, saccharolysis (sugar breakdown) and disease host does Group III

A

tt- C,D
P - weak
S - negative
H- animal

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12
Q

What toxin type, proteolysis abilities, saccharolysis (sugar breakdown) and disease host does Group IV

A

G

Negative for all others

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13
Q

What about toxin type C and D makes group III particularly problematic

A

C - poultry
D- bcattle

In silage - if small animals get caught up when farmer mowing get anaerobic condition.

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14
Q

Where is c bot distributed

A

Soil and water
Particularly E in water as attack fish

Generally in soil - <1 per g
Also found in country more than city - find where animals are

Food outbreaks A, B ( food associated) and E (fish)

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15
Q

Name mesophilic strains of c bot and their requirements

A

TYPES A AND B
Temp - 10-50deg
PH min 4.7 (some tinned foods arent safe)
Aw >0.94 (doesnt like it too dry)

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16
Q

Name a psychrotrophic strain of c bot

A

Type E
Temp 3.3-45deg
PH min 4.8
Aw- 0.97

Legal limit for fridge is 8 degrees but this organism grow below.
As pyschrotroph drag left side of the bell curve to the left
As troph will tolerate cold but would prefer heat of 40 deg

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17
Q

Describe activity of botulinum neurotoxin

A

Exotoxin - produced and secreted outside cell

1- attach to gangliocide receptors
2- bloch Ach release
3- flaccid paralysis

MOST POTENT TOXIN KNOWN

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18
Q

How canbot toxin be destroyed

A

Heating at 80 deg for ten min

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19
Q

How is botulism toxin used in human life

A

Used to relax muscles in forehead and face - botox

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20
Q

What are the three main presentations of botulism

A

Infantile - normally baby lying on back or held by tummy in air make effort to life head up whereas for botulism baby wont lift its head

Foodborne, tinned food big player

Wound - syringes and IV drug use e.g. Heroin spores of clostridia - germinate and produce toxin in situ

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21
Q

Why is c bot not more common

A

Very poor competitor

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22
Q

What are products of concern for bot

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A

Sous vide - method of preservation (partial cooking then refrigerating)
MAP food - modified atmosphere packaging( plastic base with plastic film mix of gases to preserve but more co2 so bot can grow

Tinned foods - anaerobic in tin - if emerge in tin have time to grow and create toxin

Vegetative cells not very heat resistant but spores are

23
Q

What temp and duration can c bot withstand

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A

2hr at 100deg

24
Q

What is incubation, symptoms and duration of foodborne botulism in adults

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A

Incubation 12-72hr

Symptoms:

  • nausea, vomiting, sickness, dizziness and headache
  • dryness of skin, mouth and throat
  • constipation, lack of fever, paralysis
  • respiratory failure and death (shut down smooth muscles)

Duration
- 1-10 days

25
Why is botulism toxin considered most toxic known to man
1mg of toxin can intoxicate 1 million people
26
When was the last food botulism case reported in uk
2005
27
Name two big outbreaks of foodborne botulism
Hazelnut yoghurt Northwest uk 1989 - 25 people got it, 1 died Tin salmon Birmingham 1978 -
28
Where is foodborne botulism a big issue and name some causes
America 50 people cases in spikes - fermented fish/seafood - baked potatoes - chilli sauce
29
What family in Oregon -1924 had 12 fatalities and why
Gerber family hoemcanned string beans Americans put meat pates etc and put in water and boil them for home canning e.g. Same as British baking cakes
30
Why can you not tell when type E toxin strain is present
Non protelytic so make no changes to meat so cannot tell it is there
31
What is biggest future threat of c bot
Type e strain | Eat lots of salmon, sushi etc that not really cooked so can be used a vesicle
32
When was last case of infant bot and what age group does infant class as
2011 Infants under 1 year
33
How is infant bot infective
Ingest spores Approx 100 Infect via Air, fomites (objects likely to carry an infection e.g. Clothes, utensils) Lack of gut competitors - produce toxin in gut.
34
What are Group I strains for infant bot
A, B, Bf and Ba Not usually fatal
35
What food cannot be fed to infants under 18 months
Honey
36
When was last case on wound botulism (injecting) and what other bacteria does it go hand in hand with
2010 3 cases Anthrax
37
How is c bot diagnosed
Clinical observation Tryptose Sulphite Cycloserine (TSC) media Anaerobic environment
38
What is the treatment for c bot
Antitoxin - stop progression of disease. Early diagnosis crucial for this but tend to be misdiagnosed Ventilation for respiratory paralysis For infantile - self limiting, ventilation.
39
What is done to prevent c bot
Careful control of canning and preservation
40
State characteristics for c perf
``` Gram + Single/pairs RARELY chains Anaerobic Temp 20-50 op 45 U - growth rate = 8-10 minutes Aw >0.93 Spores ```
41
What is interesting characteristic for c perf tht differ from other clostridia
Non motile rods
42
Describe the five biotypes of exotoxin produced by perf
A- E Four exotoxins - Alpha, beta, epsilon, iota Enterotoxin - Cpe Cause profuse diarhoeal disease
43
Describe spores for c perf
Heat resistant Freezing sensitive Dessicatin resistant
44
What are reservoirs and distribution of perf
Soil, water, food, dust, spices. Intestines of gut of man and animals Casseroles, custards, stews, curries, etc - liquids cooked in large volume and allowed yo cool down - cooling process issue Prepared one day eaten next. Meat dishes food vehicle. Germinate in cooling phase
45
What are two main presentations of c perf
Foodborne - abdominal cramps - diarrhoea (rarely nausea ) Gas gangrene - wound infection - swelling - tissue necrosis
46
Describe c perf enterotoxin
Spore specific protein Heat sensitive 60 deg for 10 min Toxin formation in intestine - rarely preformed. We eat organism and it produce toxin in us Large infective dose - 10^8+
47
What is incubation and duration of c perf food poisoning
Incubation - 6-24hr Duration 12-24h Fatalities rare
48
How many cases of c perf poising predicted
28000
49
How can c perf be prevented food
Adequate cooking, cooling, reheating Hot holding Keep food above 63 degree and below 5 deg to be safe
50
Is c perf an outbreak or sporadic cases foodborne
Sporadic usually 2011 198 people but likely more
51
Describe conditions caused by gas gangrene perf
Big in war time. Spores live in soil - little nutrients. Get in wounds. - Clostridial myonecrosis (production of gas) - N2, Co2, H2 get stuck in muscle cause vacuole holes. - alpha toxin have ZINC METALLOPHOSPHOLIPASE. Hydrolysis of phospholipids so lead to increased vascular permeability - necrotic
52
How is c perf diagnose in lab
- clinical presentation and agar - tsc - tryptose sulphite cycloserine. anaerobic environment, selective supplement (black colonies). Egg yolk, lecithinase action show halo (characteristic of c perf)
53
What is treatment and prevention of gas gangrene perf
Treatment - debridement. Excision/amputation. Hyperbaric O2 therapy (big chambers, very aerobic - so perf not able to grow). Prevent gas gangrene - wound management. Take care

MICROBIOLOGY II (9 decks)

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