lecture 4 COPY Flashcards
ethics
outcomes
1.Understand the importance of ethical
research.
- Understand Canadian ethical guidelines.
- Explain the major concerns for ethical
treatment of participants. - Describe informed consent
- Outline the role of the researcher in the
ethical treatment of participants.
define ethics
Moral principles that govern a person’s
behavior or the conducting of an
activity
there are 2 codes
code of Nuremberg and declaration of Helsinki
Research Ethics in Canada
tri council policy statements
what are they?
Consent process
* Conflicts of interests
* Data privacy and confidentiality
* Research Ethics involving The First Nations, Inuit and Metis Peoples of Canada
* Human biological materials
* Human genetic research
core principles relating to tri-council policy 3 principles
respect for human dignity:
1)respect of persons
2) concerned for welfare
3)justice
core principle 1- respect of persons
respect for human dignity
-respect autonomy/choice
with regards to consent
consent 3 types
what are the types of consent
3 types
free
ongoing
informed
core principle 2-welfare
concerned with welfare shouldnt effect any of these areas
-Protecting a person’s quality of life in all aspects, including:
* Physical, mental and spiritual health
* Physical, economic and social circumstances
things to consider with the welfare of participants
Key Concepts
a) Privacy and confidentiality
* Control of information about the person
* Can be challenging in qualitative studies
b) Minimize risks
* Prevent participants from being exposed to unnecessary risks
c) Beneficence (risk vs benefit balance)
* Favourable balance of risks & benefits
d) Provide accurate and accessible information
core principle 3- Justice
justice
-fairness and equity /everybody gets the same treatment or risk/ no bias
-everyone has the same information =equal
what is deception?
it is the generation of information to hide specifics but does not harm participant in any way
what is blinding ?
“Blinding” in research means that participants and/or the
researchers do not know who is receiving the intervention and who
is receiving the placebo
what is the double blind?
only one person knows who gets the intervention
usually the primary researcher
define a debrief=deception
A debrief occurs at the end of the study
-researcher needs to tell the truth to participants at the end of the study
-more important for deception cases
- get feedback from participants
unethical examples
who was Henrietta lacks?
Cervical cancer treatment in 1951
* Tumor cell biopsy by Dr. George Otto Gey
* Cells cultured, continue to reproduced, commercialized (eg. Polio
vaccine)
* Consent never obtained (not customary at the time)
* Family medical records published without family consent (1980s).
* Henrietta Lacks Family Settles With Company Over ‘Immortal’ Cells (gizmodo.com)
http://www.solidarity-us.org/site/node/
3388
**unethical because she wasn’t informed about the purpose of the study of her cells*
what was significant Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
unethical because
-participants were not told they had syphilis -told they had bad blood/no diagnosis
-weren’t given treatment
nutritional studies were done in indigenous communities
no consent
no assent obtained
Certain supplements anemia
* Children denied dental care (‘effect of malnutrition on cavities and
gingivitis
