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Personality Revision > Lecture 4 - Dimensions of personality > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Dimensions of personality Flashcards

1
Q

What individual differences does personality include?

A

those that:

  1. Are psychological in nature
  2. not about intellect
  3. stable over time
  4. broad categories
  5. Dynamics behind these characteristics
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2
Q

What is Funder (1997)’s definition of personality?

A

An individuals characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behaviour together with the psychological mechanisms, hidden or not, behind those patterns

  • Patterns of thoughts, emotion and behaviour, and what causes them
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3
Q

Outline temperement as a related concept

A
  • present at birth
  • emotional nature
  • part biological, part social
  • links to personality later in life - e.g. stressful baby = stressful adult
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4
Q

Outline character as a related concept

A

personal attributes relavent to moral conduct, self-mastery, will power, integrity

  • contains a persons morals - what they believe is right/ wrong
  • can have poor character - e.g. shouting in a lecture - is wrong due to socialisation
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5
Q

Define personality traits

A
  • primary unit of personality
  • characteristic form of thinking, behaving, feeling
  • enduring
  • often hierachical, so have general traits that break down into subtraits
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6
Q

What did Cattell do?

A

tried to identify the latent structure of personality

  • so we can predict how certain people would behave in a given situation
  • came up with 16pf, each one was on a continuum - asks them what they would do in this situation etc
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7
Q

Outline his 5 factors

A
  1. Extraversion
  2. Independence
  3. Tough-Mindedness
  4. Self-control
  5. Anxiety

X - too simple?

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8
Q

What are the advantages of the 16PF?

A

√ - the 16PF personality test is now widely used
√ - breadth and depth - lots of personality factors/ types
√ - predicitve validity - associated with job promotion

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9
Q

What are the disadvantages of the 16PF?

A

X - difficulty in replicating the factors
X - so many versions, which one to use?!
X - correlations between the 16 suggests further underlying constructs

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10
Q

Outline Eysencks theory

A
  • Believed in biological approach
  • Factor analysis
  • Proposed a hierachical approach:
    supertraits - habitual responses -> specific responses
  • Argued extraversion was a key trait, then added neuroticism and then psychoticism
  • Had an axis of extraversion- introversion as well as stable- neuroticism (unstable)
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11
Q

What does the Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) measure?

A
  • Extraversion
  • Psychoticism - intense, hostile, cruel, agressive etc
  • neuroticism
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12
Q

What did Dobbs et al (2011) do to support Eysencks theory?

A

Argued introverts would perform worse when music is playing - as they are easily distracted by env stimuli. Wheras extroverts are used to functioning in busy social environment
- introverts did do worse

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13
Q

What did Barrett et al (1998) find about the cultural validity of eysencks theory

A

Found factorial validity of the EPQ in 34 countries

√ - ca be used on everyone in every country!

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14
Q

What is the Junior EPQ?

A

Just an EPQ for children - but seen to also have cultural validity

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15
Q

What are disadvantages of Eysencks PEN theory?

A

X - Billstedt et al (2014) - found over time, mean of population stayed the same, but individuals varied a lots and was not stable
X - only looked at bio/ genetics, ignored environment
X - is 3 factors enough?

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16
Q

What did Costa & McCrae do?

A

The big 5

  • used factor analysis again, studied personality questionnaires and found these 5 were the underlying responses
  • this theory is data driven, not theoretically driven
  • also argued there are sub traits to each one
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17
Q

What did Fiske (1949) do?

A
  • Came up with a different big 5:
    1. Self-expression
    2. Social adaptability
    3. conformity
    4. emotional control
    5. inquiring intellect
18
Q

What are Costa & McCrae’s big 5?

A

Ocean

  1. Openness (conventional-divergent)
  2. Conscientiousness (organised-careless)
  3. Extraversion (sociable-reserved)
  4. Agreeableness (helpful-uncooperative)
  5. Neuroticism (volatile-well-adjusted)
19
Q

What is Costa & McCrae’s measurement of the big 5?

A

The NEO-PI-R

20
Q

What are the advantages/ research support for the big 5?

A
  • shown to be stable over time
  • show to be cross culturally applicable
  • shown to be inherited
  • results are consistent with the 16PF and the PEN
21
Q

What are the problems/ issues with the Big 5?

A

X - disagreement over labels - openness, intellect, culture - same thing?
X - is 5 enough? - HEXACO
X - CLoningers Psychobiological theory of personality - challenges this theory, argues genetics and biology are causes
X - what about ‘g’? is that not right?

22
Q

Who came up with the HEXACO model?

A

Ashton et al (2000)

23
Q

Outline the Honesty-Humility factor

A
  • sincere, just, honest, humane, truthful, loyal, faithful

- whether people can reach their personality goals - e.g. to work in a certain way

24
Q

What was the HEXACO model partly based on?

A

Evolution of personality traits to reach goals
- there are advanteges for humans in being:
• peaceful
• co-operative/ trustful
• sociable, active
• curious, knowledgeable, analytical
• hardworking, reliable

25
Q

Define reciprocal altruism

A
  • Do something for someone and DONT want anything in immediate return. But support if needed at a future date
  • Honesty-humilities do this!
26
Q

Define kin altruism

A
  • where you want immediate return
27
Q

What were the findings of LaBouff et al (2012) - humble students

A

Humble students more likely too help a student in need, more than less humble students
- because humble students doesnt want reward/ recognition

28
Q

Outline the dark triad traits of the HEXACO model

A
  • Psychopathy - lack of empathy, anti-social, want to be on their own not because they are shy, but because they dont care
  • Machiavelianism
  • narcissm

HEXACO explains these factors but 5FM doesnt
- H factor is concerned with what people want to get out of a situation

29
Q

What are the limitations/ concerns of the HEXACO model?

A

X - factor analysis is subjective
X - too many factors?
X - are they independent factors? Surely H and A are similar?
X - Ignores other aspects of personality, like religion, spirituality, sexuality, humour

30
Q

What did Digman (1997) do?

A

Split HEXACO into 2

Alpha:

  • Emotional stability
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness

Beta:

  • Extraversion
  • Openness
31
Q

What did Saucier & Goldber (2003) and Musek (2007) do to HEXACO model?

A

General factor of personality is split into 2
1. Stability - conforms to societies rules
• emotional stability
• Agreeableness
• conscientiousness

  1. Plasticity - reasons you dont conform
    • Extraversion
    • Openness to experience
32
Q

What did Van der Linden et al (2010) do?

A

Meta-analysis and found evidence to support general factor of personality (which is split up into stability and plasticity).

33
Q

What are criticisms of trait approach?

A

X - not much theoretical explanation
X - limited to verbals? how we describe personality
X - social desirability bias
X - Poor test-retest validity - Myers-Briggs results can change month by month
X - ignores situational factors in predicting behaviour

34
Q

What are some cultural issues with this?

A

X - personality may be different in different situations
X - personality traits may have different meanings in different cultures - extraverted could be annoying in china
X - collectivist vs individualistic
X - lexical differences - could be a barrier

35
Q

What did Terracciano et al (2005) do about national character?

A
  • Asked to what extent members of their nation would reflect the personality traits
36
Q

Define national character

A

How you view yourself as part of a nation - influences personality/ behaviour

  • you are likely to behave in a way that you belive suits/ matches/ supports your culture
  • can test people around the world to see how cultures vary
37
Q

What were the findings of McCrae & Tarracciano (2006)

A

Looked at the 5FM

  • they filled in the NCS as well as the NEO-PI-R survery
  • people within culture were very similar
  • but lots of variation between cultures, very different
38
Q

Outline the characteristics of Type A personality types

A
  • competitive achievement motivation
  • time urgency
  • Hostility - react badly to disappointment, frustration, inconviencies
39
Q

What did Friedman & Rosenman (1976) find about heart attack patients?

A

Type A’s are more susceptible for heart attacks

  • competitive
  • agressive
  • ambitious and driven
  • active and energetic in actions and speaking
40
Q

What is typical of a Type D personality?

A

distressed personality type
- negative views of the self
- focus on anger suppression and depression
- depression and low mood linked to coronary heart disease (CHD)
- Negative affect ,social inhibition
-

Personality Revision (6 decks)

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