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Personality Revision > Lecture 5 - Wellbeing and personality > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Wellbeing and personality Flashcards

1
Q

In terms of health, what can personality influence?

A
  • vulnerability to physical/ psychological illnesses
  • How we experience such illnesses
  • likelihood we seek support
  • recovery and outcome
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2
Q

What are the 4 models of links between personality and health

A
  1. Direct link
  2. correlational link
  3. Behavioural link
  4. Illness impacts personality
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3
Q

Outline the direct link between personality and health

A

Personality has a CAUSAL role in health and illness

  • people can be ‘disease prone’ - get psychosomatic conditions like Stomach Ulcers, CHD
  • PERSONALITY -> BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES -> ILLNESS
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4
Q

Outline the correlational link between personality and health

A
  • Biological activities influence personality and they also influence illness
  • e.g. matthews (2003) - genetic relationship between vulnerability to CHD and hostility
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5
Q

Outline the behavioural link between personality and health

A

Personality traits infulence our behaviours

  • our behaviours subsequently influence our risk for certain illness
  • E.g. if you are a sensation seeker, you are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviour
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6
Q

Outline how having an illness may result in changes in our personality

A
  • stuff like alzheimers, chronic conditions, illness in childhood
  • can make us depressed/ anxious
  • lead to psychosocial adjustment and sociability
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7
Q

What has research shown about the link between the Big 5 and health?

A
  • shown there are relationships between the two

- evidence that lower levels of conscientiousness linked to lower treatment adherence

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8
Q

What were Smith (2006)’s 4 main features that influence how we cope with an illness

A
  1. Role of anger and hostility (influences treatment adherence)
  2. Social Dominance - how much control they have over situation. Can support them if they feel in control - do things to help achieve this
  3. Neuroticism and negative affect
  4. Optimism
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9
Q

What has research found about the relationship between Neuroticism and health

A
  • reduces life expectancy
  • increased chances of serious physical disease
  • damages physical health over time
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10
Q

Define somatic symptom disorders

A

Physical complaints with no identifiable medical cause

- chronic pain, hypochondriases, body dysmorphia

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11
Q

What link has neuroticism been made to somatic symptoms?

A

A link has been made between neuroticism and the experience of somatic symptoms

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12
Q

How does optimism interact with health?

A

optimists are less susceptible to depression and anxiety - they tend to live longer

  • if an optimist is feeling depressed/ anxious, they will go to lengths to find out why
  • more likely to help themselves/ seek therapy
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13
Q

What were scheier & Carver (1987) findings about optimist

A

Optimists report fewer physical symptoms, recover better from major surgery and report few complications

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14
Q

What are the issues with regards to personality and health research?

A

X - cause and effect, it could be psychological reaction to diseases instead
X - self-rated symptoms - vary, some people will rate the same symptoms differently. What earns you sick leave in one job is different in another job
X - studies show correlations but dont explain why

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15
Q

What did Williams et al (2011) look at in terms of Type D personality?

A

Explored Type D personality (distressed) and illness beliefs and behaviours

  • perceive themselves as being more ill than those who werent type D
  • evidence of how personality can influence ILLNESS BEHAVIOURS
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16
Q

Outline The role of stress in influencing personality behaviours

A

Ability to cope with stress is an important mechanism here

  • it is a response to perceived demands (not to the situation)
  • resilient individual will have a more positive outcome from illlness
  • vulnerable individual will have a more negative outcome, but can be made to be positive
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17
Q

What are the 3 diathesis-stress models?

A
  1. Health behaviour models
  2. interactional stress models
  3. Transactional stress models (exposure)
18
Q

Outline Smiths (2006) health behaviour model as a model of the influence of stress on illness

A

Personality causes:
• health behaviours
• appraisal of stressful situation
• coping strategies

  • negative affect could lead to negative appraisal, and negative coping strategies (like drugs)
19
Q

Outline the interactional stress model

A

Personality moderates our physiological responses to stressful circumstances

  • not saying that personality links to appraisal, coping etc
  • just saying it can moderate them and influence them
  • Personality, coping and appraisal all interact to cause the physiological response, which then influences illness
20
Q

Outline the transcational stress model

A

again not saying personality causes anything
- just says personality can influence exposure to stressful circumstances
- e.g. an extrovert is more sociable and outgoing, this means they expose themselves more often to stressful situations, like public speaking
- introverts avoid this (coping mechanisms)
on other hand:
- introverts may get really anxious and nervous and run away - may influence illness
- wheras an extrovert may enjoy it

21
Q

Who came up with LOC

A

Rotter (1966)

22
Q

What are the links between LOC and psychological and physical disorders?

A
  • Depression and suicide

* therapy and quality of life in illness

23
Q

Define self-efficacy

A

Degree of confidence in our ability to perform a particular task. n order to achieve a positive outcome

  • related to motivation and persistence in recovery
  • important mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms
24
Q

Define personality disorders

A

enduring, maladaptive patterns of behaviours and cognitions, that deviate markedly from what is expected and accepted
- effects interpersonal relationships as well

  • inflexible, stable, not a result of another psycholgical disorder/ substance
25
Q

What are the prevalence rates of personality disorders

A

Total prevalence = 6%
Cluster A: 3.6%
Cluster B: 1.5%
Cluster C: 2.7%

Often co-occur
Cluster A most common, Cluster B least

26
Q

Summarise the clusters please

A

A: odd, eccentric
B: Dramatic, emotional or erratic
C: anxious, fearful

27
Q

What are the characteristics of the healthy self

A
  • unique identity
  • meaningful goals, application of social norms and how to interact with others (self-direction)
  • positive IPR - empathy
28
Q

How did Saulsman & Page (2004) say the big 5 linked to PD’s?

A

Neuroticisms and agreeableness
- linked to all of them

Extraversion - linked to histrionic/ avoidant PD

29
Q

Summarise Cluster A

A

Odd or eccentric personality disorders

  1. Paranoid PD
  2. Schizoid PD
  3. Schizotypal PD
30
Q

Outline Schizotypal PD (Cluster A)

A
  • Discomfort with and reduced tendency for close relationships
  • Few if any friends
  • dont like interaction of any kind -even sitting in lectures
  • Odd beliefs or magical thinking (e.g. telepathy)
  • unusual perceptual experiences - seeing things
  • odd thinking or speech, peculier dress or mannerisms
  • ides of reference - make ordinary ideas a little bit odd or wild
  • General social anxiety (key symtpom) - worried people are out there to get them
  • NOT Sz but on the same spectrum as it
31
Q

What evidence is there to connect Schizotypal PD to Sz?

A
  • if a 1st degree relative has Sz youre more likely to have a Cluster A PD
  • questions if its just preliminary phase of Sz?
  • similar structural brain abnormalities
32
Q

Outline Cluster B PD’s

A

Dramatic, emotinoal or erratic PD’s

  1. Antisocial PD
  2. BPD
  3. Histrionic PD
  4. Narcissistic PD
33
Q

Define BPD

A
  • intense and unstable relationships
  • fear abandonment - unstable relationships as they fear they are going to walk away
  • feelings of emptiness/ worthlessness - believe they dont matter so can be reckless
  • impulsive - money, drugs, sex
  • paranoia/ delusions
  • mood instability
  • self-harm
  • anxious
  • cope badly with stress
34
Q

What are some of the causes of BPD?

A
  • Abuse - think its their fault
  • Insecure attachment
  • Impulsive traits
  • reduced volume in emotional and decision making areas
  • emotional dysregulation in parents can be pased onto you via genetics
  • multiple factors combine to create symptoms of BPD
35
Q

Outline Cluster C PD’s

A

Anxious/ fearful disorders

  1. Obsessive compulsive PD
  2. Avoidant PD
  3. Dependent PD
36
Q

Outline Obsessive compulsive PD’s

A
  • overly concerned with details, organisation, rules or order
  • levels of perfectionism interfere with completion of tasks
  • devoted to work - friendships/ leisure activities suffer
  • inflexible and over-conscientious about issues of morals/ ethics etc
  • Difficulty working with others - dont like delegating tasks - or may avoid group work all together
  • rigid, stubborn
37
Q

What are the 3 causes of personality disorders?

A
  1. Genetics/ heritability
  2. Developmental/ childhood
  3. Biological influences (neuropsychology)
38
Q

Outline Torgensen et al (2000)’s Twin study into PD’s

A
  • 1300 pairs of Norweigan Twins
  • one twin had a PD, the other hadn’t
  • found Identical twins were more likely to both have a PD
  • if parents had one, more than 40% chance that one of the twins had one.

Cluster A: 37% heritability
Cluster B: 60%
Cluster C: 62%
All of them: 60%

BPD was about 40%
Avoidance PD was 35%

39
Q

Outline childhood factors that influence PD’s

A 
- Antiscocial PD, BPD, Schizotypal PD have been linked to parenting behaviours:
• less affection
• lack of nurturing and neglect
• abuse
• negative childhood experiences
40
Q

Who came up with Dialectical behaviour therapy as a treatment for BPD

A
  • teaches being in the moment, and problem solcing
  • stage 1: talk to therapist about how to change their actions based on past experiences
  • Stage 2: whats caused this
  • Stage 3: used what you’ve learned and put it into practice, developing sense of self
41
Q

What are the issues with treatments for PD’s?

A

X - every case is different
X - difficulty maintaining relationship with therapist
X - Rarely turn up.

Personality Revision (6 decks)

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