Lecture 4 female anatomy

Question 1

3 layers of the uterus: Endometrium:

Answer 1

Shredded off during menstruation, creating menstrual dscharge

Question 2

3 layers of the uterus: Myometrium:

Answer 2

A muscular but highly elastic middle layer that creates the powerful contractions of labor and orgasm

Question 3

3 layers of the uterus: Perimetrium:

Answer 3

The external cover

Question 4

Fallopian tubes:

Answer 4

Tubes extending from the uterus to the ovaries
-Pathway by which the egg travels toward the uterus and the sperm reaches the egg
-Extremely narrow and lined with cilia

Question 5

Where fertilization typically happens?

Answer 5

Infundibulum

Question 6

Which organ manufactures sex hormones?

Answer 6

Ovaries

Question 7

What are hormones?

Answer 7

-Chemical substances manufactured by the endocrine gland
-Secreted directly into the bloodstream but also with paracrine activation

Question 8

3 most important sex hormones?

Answer 8

-Testosterone
-Estrogen
-Progesterone

Question 9

What regulates the production of sex hormones for women?

Answer 9

The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad feedback loop

Question 10

When is estrogen predominant in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 10

First half

Question 11

When is progesterone predominant in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 11

Second half and early pregnancy

Question 12

What does prolactin do?

Answer 12

Stimulates production of milk by the mammary glands

Question 13

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 13

-Stimulates contractions of the uterus during childbirth
-Promotes ejection of milk from nipples
-Promotes affection

Question 14

What does estrogen do?

Answer 14

-Brings many of the changes of puberty
-Maintains the mucous membranes of the vagina
-Stops the growth of bone and muscle in females

Question 15

Levels of ___ and ____ fluctuate according to the phases of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause

Answer 15

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 16

Which 2 hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

Answer 16

Prolactin and oxytocin

Question 17

Levels of ___ and ____ do not differ between adult men and women, only ____ levels differ, with ___ having more

Answer 17

-Estradiol and progesterone
-Males

Question 18

According to a study, when are sexual fantasies the highest during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 18

Ovulation

Question 19

What is the estrous cycle?

Answer 19

-Kind of like the menstrual cycle for women but for other species of mammals
-No menstruation, ovulation occurs while animal is in the ‘heat’, and this is the only time when females engage in sexual behavior

Question 20

4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 20

1. Follicular phase-proliferative phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal phase- secretory phase
4. Menstruation

Question 21

The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

Just after menstruation, the egg matures in preparation for ovulation
-FSH is secreted to stimulate follicles in the ovaries
-One follicle begins to ripen and brings an egg to maturity
-Follicle secretes estrogen, stimulating growth of the endometrium

Question 22

Ovulation phase of menstrual cycle?

Answer 22

The follicle ruptures, releasing the mature egg
- Estrogen inhibits FSH production and stimulates the hypothalamus to produce GnRH, which causes the pituitary to begin the production of LH

Question 22

The luteal (secretory) phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 22

After releasing the egg, the follicle turns into a glandular mass of cells called the corpus luteum, which manufactures progesterone
- Corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for 10 to 12 days
-If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the hormone output declines sharply and the uterine lining is shed

Question 23

The menstruation phase of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 23

The endometrium of the uterus is shed off in the menstrual discharge

Question 24

What makes up the menstrual fluid?

Answer 24

- Blood from the endometrium - Degenerated cells - Mucus from the cervix and vagina

Question 25

Mittelschmerz (middle pain)?

Answer 25

Cramping during ovulation

Question 26

Anovulatory cycle?

Answer 26

Menstruation may take place without ovulation

Question 27

2 other physiological processes that fluctuate with the menstrual cycle?

Answer 27

-Cervical mucus cycle -Basal body temperature

Question 28

What is Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 28

Painful menstruation, possible cause- Prostaglandis

Question 29

What is Endometriosis?

Answer 29

The endometrium grows in a place other than the uterus

Question 30

What is Amenorrhea?

Answer 30

Absence of mensturation

Question 31

What is Primary amenorrhea?

Answer 31

When female has not menstruated by about the age of 18

Question 32

What is Secondary amenorrhea?

Answer 32

Absence of menstruation if the female has had at least one period

Question 33

Premenstrual Syndrom (PMS):

Answer 33

Severe physical and psychological symptoms, such as depression and irritability, occurring just before menstruation

Question 34

APA has formalized PMS with the diagnosis _____?

Answer 34

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Question 35

This is the term for testes and ovaries before the time of sexual differentiation?

Answer 35

Gonads

Question 36

The pituitary gland produces this hormone, which plays a role in stimulating secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

Answer 36

Prolactine

Question 37

Beard growth, maintenance of the genitals and their sperm-producing capability, and stimulation of growth of bone and muscle are controlled by this hormone.

Answer 37

Testosterone

Question 38

The glans clitoris is homologous to this highly sensitive part of the penis.

Answer 38

Glans Penis