Lecture 4 Functional anatomy

Question 1

What is the standard reference called

Answer 1

Anatomical position

Question 2

Describe the anatomical position

Answer 2

. body erect.

head forward

. arms hanging straight
down

. palms forward

. all joints are in a neutral position

Question 3

What are the 3 cardinal planes to segment the body

Answer 3

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse

Question 4

Describe sagital plane

Answer 4

Median - cut down the middle vertically

Question 5

Describe frontal plane

Answer 5

Frontal- cut down through the side of the body vertically

Question 6

Describe transverse plane

Answer 6

horizontal- cut down horizontally

Question 7

Describe axis of rotation

Answer 7

Helps Describe the relative position, orientation or direction of the body

Question 8

Axes of rotation movement

Answer 8

Movement typically occurs about 2 or more axes or rotation

Question 9

Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation

Answer 9

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

Question 10

Examples of the sagittal plane axis of rotation

Answer 10

Adduction

Abduction

Eversion

Question 11

Examples of the transverse plane axis of rotation

Answer 11

Horizontal abduction

External rotation

Internal rotation

Question 12

Flexion definition

Answer 12

increasing angle with frontal plane

Question 13

Extension definition

Answer 13

decreasing angle with frontal plane

Question 14

Dorsiflexion definition

Answer 14

towards (dorsi) the anterior

the surface of the leg

Question 15

Plantarflexion definition

Answer 15

Moving the top (dorsum) of the foot away from the anterior surface of the leg

Question 16

Abduction definition

Answer 16

moving away from the sagittal plane

Question 17

Adduction definition

Answer 17

moving toward the sagittal plane

Question 18

Protraction definition

Answer 18

moving forward along a surface

Question 19

Retraction definition

Answer 19

moving backward along a surface

Question 20

Elevation definition

Answer 20

raising a structure

Question 21

Depression definition

Answer 21

lowering a structure

Question 22

Upward rotation definition

Answer 22

rotating a structure about an axis superiorly

Question 23

Downward rotation definition

Answer 23

rotating a structure about an axis inferiorly

Question 24

Medial rotation definition

Answer 24

movement around an axis of a bone towards the midline

Question 25

Lateral rotation definition

Answer 25

movement around an axis of a bone away from the midline

Question 26

Pronation definition

Answer 26

placing palm backward in anatomical position

Question 27

Supination definition

Answer 27

placing palm forward in anatomical position

Question 28

Circumduction definition

Answer 28

combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial and lateral rotation

Question 29

Opposition definition

Answer 29

bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

Question 30

Describe anterior(ventral)

Answer 30

moving towards the midline of the body(one arrow)

Question 31

Describe posterior(dorsal)

Answer 31

moving away from the midline of the body(one arrow)

Question 32

Describe superior

Answer 32

Top of the body in the anatomical position

Question 33

Describe medial

Answer 33

Towards the midline(both arrow)

Question 34

Describe proximal

Answer 34

sites located towards a specific area

Question 35

Describe superficial

Answer 35

towards the surface of the body

Question 36

Describe lateral

Answer 36

Away from the midline(both arrow)

Question 37

Describe distal

Answer 37

sites away from a specific area

Question 38

Describe deep

Answer 38

away from the surface of the body

Question 39

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 39

``` . Structural support . Movement . Protection . Mineral storage . Blood cell production ```

Question 40

Describe cartilage

Answer 40

Stiff yet flexible connective tissue Composed of specialised cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix

Question 41

What are the 3 different types of cartilage

Answer 41

Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage

Question 42

More info on cartilage

Answer 42

. Doesn't contain blood vessels Chondrocytes supplied by diffusion, helped by the pumping action generated by compression of the articular cartilage or flexion of the elastic cartilage

Question 43

Describe ligaments

Answer 43

Are inelastic but flexible bands of connective tissue that attached two bones together • They enhance joint stability by maintaining the alignment of the bones and limiting range of motion (ROM)

Question 44

Ligament function

Answer 44

1. To connect bone to bone | 2. Enhance joint stability

Question 45

Common ligament injuries

Answer 45

• Most common involve sprains (overstretching and tearing of the fibres)

Question 46

Describe joint

Answer 46

Formed where two bones meet, also called an articulation

Question 47

3 different types of joint

Answer 47

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Question 48

Describe fibrous joint

Answer 48

Bound by dense connective tissue

Question 49

Describe cartilaginous joint

Answer 49

Bound by cartilage

Question 50

Describe synovial joint

Answer 50

• Complex joint bounded by joint capsule and containing synovial fluid Freely moving joints

Question 51

More description of synovial joints

Answer 51

Bones held together by ligaments Some contain a bursa

Question 52

What is a bursa

Answer 52

• Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane

Question 53

Describe bursa

Answer 53

Found where parts move over another Formed around joints and in places where ligaments and tendons pass

Question 54

Injuries associated with Bursa

Answer 54

Bursitis

Question 55

Describe tendons

Answer 55

Tough but flexible bands that attach muscle to bone - helps facilitate movement Limited blood supply which makes repair difficult

Question 56

Injuries associated with tendons

Answer 56

Strain overstretching or tearing of fibres Tendinopathies

Question 57

Functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 57

Control of movement Control of posture Support soft tissues Energy storage and utilization Guard entrances and exits