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EXS124 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the different field methods to assessing body composition

A 
. Height and weight
• Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Skinfolds
• Waist circumference
• Waist-to-hip ratio
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2
Q

What equipment is needed for the height field method

A

• Height measured by Stadiometer

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3
Q

Describe the process for the height field method

A 
• Remove shoes
• Subject stands straight
• Take a deep breath in and holds
while looking straight ahead
• You can assist subject into assuming
Frankfort plane
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4
Q

What equipment is needed for the weight field method

A

Weight measured by calibrated scale

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5
Q

Describe the process for the weight method

A
  • Remove shoes
  • Also remove as much clothing as possible
  • No wet hair
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6
Q

What is the BMI formula

A

BMI = weight (kg) ÷ height (m)2

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7
Q

Why is BMI used to determine overweight/obesity

A

Based on the concept that individuals with lower BF% will have a low BMI

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8
Q

What is the BMI range(adullts) for normal weight

A

Normal weight = BMI 18.5 - 24.9

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9
Q

What is the BMI range(adults) for overweight

A

Overweight = BMI 25 - 29.9

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10
Q

What is the BMI range (adults) for obesity

A

Obesity = BMI ≥30

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11
Q

What is the BMI range (adults) for severe obesity

A

Severe Obesity = BMI ≥35

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12
Q

What are the problems with the usage of BMI

A
  • Does not measure the amount of fat
  • Can over-report obesity compared to BF%

• Heavy athletes end up with a high BMI, even if they
have a low BF%

• Elderly: low BMIs due to ↓ muscle mass
despite a high BF%

• BMI increases as you age because height
decreases

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13
Q

Describe the skinfold assessment

A

Measures 2 layers of subcutaneous fat (beneath the
skin)

• Provides an estimate of a person’s overall body
fatness

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14
Q

Describe the process of the skinfold assessment technique

A
  1. Skinfold measurements are always taken on the right side of
    the body
  2. Carefully identify, measure and mark the skinfold site
  3. Grasp the skinfold between the thumb and index finger of
    your left hand at the measurement site
  4. Lift the fold gently, and place the calipers 1 cm below the
    measurement site
  5. Take skinfold measurement 2 seconds after releasing the
    calipers
  6. Open the calipers and release the skinfold
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15
Q

Where are the sites for skinfold assessment

A

. Chest
. Abdominal
. Thigh
. Triceps/Biceps

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16
Q

Describe the location for chest skinfold assessment

A 
• Diagonal fold
• Men: midway between anterior
axilla and nipple
• Women: 1/3 distance between
anterior axilla and nipple
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17
Q

Describe the location for abdominal skinfold assessment

A

• Vertical fold
• 5 cm to the right of the
umbilicus (belly button)

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18
Q

Describe the location for thigh skinfold assessment

A 
• Vertical fold
• Anterior midline of the thigh
• Midway between proximal
patella (kneecap) and inguinal
(hip) crease
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19
Q

Describe the location for triceps/biceps skinfold assessment

A 
• Vertical fold
• Posterior/anterior midline of
upper arm
• Midpoint between acromion
(shoulder) and head of the
radius (elbow)
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20
Q

Describe the location for subscapular skinfold assessment

A

• Diagonal fold
• 2 cm below the inferior
angle of the scapula (bottom
of shoulder blade)

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21
Q

Describe the location for medial calf skinfold assessment

A

• Vertical fold
• Most medial aspect at the point
of greatest girth

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22
Q

Describe the location for suprailiac skinfold assessment

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A

• Diagonal fold
• Mid-axillary line
(superior to the iliac
crest; i.e. hip bone)

23
Q

Describe the location for supraspinale skinfold assessment

Study These Flashcards
A

• Diagonal fold
• At the level of iliac crest, on the
line between anterior axilla and
ASIS

24
Q

What skinfold methods do females use to estimate body fat

Study These Flashcards
A

Females use Withers (6-site), Jackson-Pollack (3-site) or Jackson, Pollack and
Ward (4-site) method

25
What skinfold methods do males use to estimate body fat
For males use Withers (7-site), Durnin and Womersley (4-site) or Katch and McArdle (3-site) method
26
What method or equation do u convert the skinfold methods results into % body fat
Body Fat % = [(4.95 / body density) – 4.50] x 100
27
Why is circumference(girth) measurements used
Used as an estimation of body composition Easy to learn, administer and inexpensive * Ideal for documenting changes in body size * Waist during a weight-loss program * Muscle during a weight training program
28
Explain the procedure of circumference measurements
1. Subjects stand erect but relaxed 2. Identify/mark standardised sites 3. Apply tape perpendicular to the long axis 4. Tape should be taut, not tight (no skin compression) 5. Read measurement to nearest millimeter 6. Take 2 measurements and average
29
Name the sites for circumference assessments
``` . Waist . Hip . Upper arm . Chest . Mid thigh . Thigh . Forearm . Calf ```
30
Describe the location of the circumference assessment Waist
``` • Narrowest point of the abdomen: o Between the lower costal border and the top of the iliac crest ```
31
Describe the location of the circumference assessment Hip
• Greatest posterior | protrusion of the buttocks
32
Describe the location of the circumference assessment Upper arm
Midpoint between acromion (shoulder) and radial head (elbow)
33
Describe the location of the circumference assessment Chest
• Mid-point of the sternum (at level of 4th rib) • “Mid-chest” may be more appropriate
34
Describe the location of the circumference assessment Mid thigh
• Midpoint between greater trochanter and tibial condyle • ALSO: mid-point between inguinal crease and superior patella
35
Describe the location of the circumference assessment thigh
• 1 cm below the gluteal | fold
36
Describe the location of the circumference assessment forearm
Maximal girth of forearm, distal | to humeral epicondyles
37
Describe the location of the circumference assessment calf
• Maximal girth of the calf
38
How to calculate the waist to hip ratio
Waist circumference ÷ hip circumference
39
What is the point of the waist to hip ratio
• An indicator of body fat distribution
40
Describe • High Waist:Hip ratio
greater adipose in the | abdomen
41
Describe • Low Waist:Hip ratio
greater adipose in the in | the hip/gluteal region
42
High risk measurements of men (obesity)
Waist measurements of >102 cm (men)
43
High risk measurements of women (obesity)
Waist measurements of >88 cm (men)
44
Describe assessing body composition using laboratory methods
• Require more specific and expensive equipment • Greater levels of reliability and validity
45
Name some laboratory methods to assessing body composition
* Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) * Hydrostatic Weighing * Air Displacement * Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
46
Describe DEXA
Low-radiation X-ray scan of the entire body which can | estimate BF% and bone density (the rest is ‘lean mass’)
47
Explain the purpose of the DEXA
Provides a measure of total body fat and the regional | distribution of fat
48
Describe hydrostatic weighing
Subject is weighed both on land and when fully | submerged in water
49
Explain the purpose of the hydrostatic weighing
Based on the density of various tissues: * Lean mass: more dense than water * Fat mass: less dense than water • Therefore, more muscular individuals will weigh more under water
50
Describe air displacement
Instead of being submerged, sensors in the chamber estimate the amount of air displaced by the subject
51
Describe the purpose of air displacement
Body fat can be calculated using the weight and | the amount of air displaced
52
Describe bioelectrical impedance analysis
A low-level current is passed through the body to estimate body fat %
53
Describe the purpose of bioelectrical impedance analysis
Lean tissue contains more water than fat tissue • Therefore, the level of resistance to the currents flow indicates the amount of lean and fat mass

EXS124 (9 decks)

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