Lecture 4 - Musculoskeletal, NS & calves

Question 1

normal calf HR

Answer 1

80-120 bpm

Question 2

normal calf RR

Answer 2

24- 36 breaths per min

Question 3

normal calf temp.

Answer 3

38,5-39,0 ‘C

Question 4

A calf needs how many g of antibodies at first feeding?

Answer 4

120 g of Ab

Question 5

colostrum should be what temp when feeding

Answer 5

37’c +/- 2 ‘c

Question 6

the volume of the abomasum is what % of a calf’s body weight

Answer 6

5%

Question 7

what specific gravity should colostrum ideally be?

Answer 7

1050- 1065, the higher the SG the betetr

Question 8

What is a Brix measurement?

Answer 8

It indicates the number of dissolved solids in a liquid measured via its specific gravity (SG).

So its another scale for specific gravity.

Question 9

what do purple gums indicate in calves?

Answer 9

septicemia

Question 10

rumen sounds can begin to be heard in calves from what age?

Answer 10

3-6 weeks

Question 11

Left displaced abomasum possible also in
calves! What might it sound like?

Answer 11

– Tinkling sounds (auscultation)
– Ping sounds (percussion)

Question 12

what structures does the umbilicus contain

Answer 12

1 vein
2 arteries
1 urachus

Question 13

describe an umbilical infection in clinical exam

Answer 13

Umbilical diameter over 1 cm,
hard on palpation,
painful and swollen (discharge)

Question 14

Atresia ani =

Answer 14

there is no anus, no feces, distension of the abdomen

Question 15

Atresia coli =

Answer 15

part of the intestines is missing, may have some mucous in the rectum, distension of the abdomen

Question 16

4 common illnesses common to calves

Answer 16

diarrhea
resp. infection
umbilical infection
joint infections

Question 17

dairy cattle are trimmed routinely every

Answer 17

4-6 months

Question 18

physitis =

Answer 18

inflammation of a physis, which is a growth plate.

Question 19

What musculoskeletal issue can commonly be seen in neonatal calves?

Answer 19

contracted flexor tendons

due to genetics, nutriotion, in utero position

treatment: stretching/splints

Question 20

explain decubital lesions

Answer 20

decubital = a position of lying down/ recumbent

so lesions on bony prominances from lying down

Question 21

explain Spastic paresis/syndrome

Answer 21

– Uni/bilateral spastic
contracture of the
gastrognemius muscle
(calves, genetic)

– Attempts to move are
believed to simultaneously
trigger contractions of
both extensors and flexors
of the limb.

The hock is forcibly extended so that
the angle is 180°.

Question 22

cranial nerves I & II

Answer 22

olfactory and optic

Question 23

name cranial nerve III and what 2 clinical signs are associated?

Answer 23

oculomotor

pupil dialtion
ventrolateral strabismus

Question 24

name cranial nerve IV and what clinical sign is associated?

Answer 24

trochlear

dorsolateral strabismus

Question 25

name cranial nerve V and what motor clinical sign is associated?

Answer 25

trigeminal motor nerve Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression

Question 26

name cranial nerve V and what sensory clinical sign is associated?

Answer 26

trigeminal sensory nerve Loss of facial sensitivity

Question 27

name cranial nerve VI and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 27

abducent Medial strabismus and inability to withdraw the eyeball deeper into the orbit

Question 28

name cranial nerve VII and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 28

facial Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression

Question 29

name cranial nerve VIII and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 29

Vestibulo-cochlear Nystagmus and head tilt

Question 30

name cranial nerve IX and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 30

Glossopharyngeal nerve Pharyngeal paralysis, inability to swallow, regurgitation

Question 31

name cranial nerve X and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 31

vagal No cough reflex, wheezes in the larynx, chewing disorders, tympany, GI organ dysfunctions

Question 32

name cranial nerve XI and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 32

accessory Neck and shoulder muscle paralysis and atrophy

Question 33

name cranial nerve XII and what clinical signs are associated?

Answer 33

hypoglossal Tongue paralysis, tongue atrophy

Question 34

define strabismus

Answer 34

is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same time. laxy eye/crossed eyes/divergent

Question 35

what is vestibular eye drop

Answer 35

In vestibular dysfunction, the eyeball on the affected side rotates downward (positional strabismus or eye drop).

Question 36

what is eye fixation

Answer 36

Fixation is the ability to aim the eyes to a particular spot accurately.

Question 37

which cranial nerves are involved in the menace reflex?

Answer 37

Cranial Nerve II optic, Cortex, Cerebellum, Cranial Nerve VII facial - The menace gesture must be performed 30 to 50 cm away from the animal’s head – Normally animal will blink – Should be present by the end of the first week of life in farm animals

Question 38

which cranial nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

Answer 38

Cranial Nerve II optic, Cranial Nerve III oculomotor – A strong light source – In the normal bovine, the pupils should constrict down to 3 to 5 mm

Question 39

which cranial nerves are involved in the palpebral reflex?

Answer 39

Cranial Nerve V trigeminal, Cranial Nerve VII facial – When the periocular skin is touched (medial/lateral canthus) the normal animal will close the eyelids

Question 40

which cranial nerves are involved in the conreal blink reflex?

Answer 40

Cranial Nerve V, trigeminal Cranial Nerve VII facial – also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body)

Question 41

what is nervous ketosis

Answer 41

Nervous ketosis is an exaggerated form of metabolic. ketosis where neurological signs may be caused by: hypoglycaemia, toxic acetoacetic acid levels or from. the production of isopropyl alcohol from acetoacetic acid break down in the rumen.

Question 42

what deficiency can lead to cerebral lesions

Answer 42

hypomagnesemia

Question 43

what is a cuase of cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?

Answer 43

in utero bovine viral diarrhea virus

Question 44

what is Polioencephalomalacia

Answer 44

also referred to as cerebrocortical necrosis, is a neurological disease seen in ruminants that is caused by multiple factors, one of which is thiamine/B1 deficiency in the body.

Question 45

define opisthotonus

Answer 45

a dramatic abnormal posture due to spastic contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, and lower extremities that produces a severe backward arching from neck to heel

Question 46

what clinical sign can both Meningitis & Polioencephalomalacia cause?

Answer 46

„star gazing“ (opisthotonus)

Question 47

Spinal cord lesions can be localized by (3)

Answer 47

by reflexes, postural reactions and proprioception

Question 48

Name the Spinal reflexes: (1-6)

Answer 48

1. Extensor Reflex of the Front Limb 2. The Patellar Reflex 3. The Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflexes 4. The Muscle Tone 5. The Perineal Reflex 6. The Cutaneous Trunci Reflex

Question 49

Sciatic nerve forms which nerves

Answer 49

Forms the peroneal and tibial nerves

Question 50

name what nerve could be damaged

Answer 50

obturator nerve paralysis * ”calving paralysis”, at calving compression neuropathy of the nerve roots L5, L6

Question 51

A HR >100 in an adult downer cow =

Answer 51

pain

Question 52

Primary causes of a downer cow being down

Answer 52

hypocalcemia/milk fever dystocia injuries (like the n. obturatorius paralysis) Toxemia caused by peracute mastitis / metritis Fractured bone/bones Dislocated joint Peritonitis (ruptured uterus, traumatic reticulitis)

Question 53

the head is raised when the affected limb is bearing weight describes?

Answer 53

foreleg lameness

Question 54

the pelvis is raised when the affected limb is weight bearing, but pelvic symmetry is maintained describes?

Answer 54

hingleg lameness