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Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals > Lecture 3 - Urogenital system, udder examination > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Urogenital system, udder examination Flashcards

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1
Q

goal cow gestation duration in days

A

283 days

(9 months 12 days)

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2
Q

calving interval

A

1 year

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3
Q

what is the “service period”

A

the period between date of calving
and date of successful conception

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4
Q

a cow should be pregnant within how many days of previous calving?

A

within 82 days

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5
Q

uterine involution is usually complete by how many days after calving?

A

40 days

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6
Q

Examination of the female genital organs includes what 4 things

A
  1. External examination of the female genital system
  2. Rectal examination
  3. Vaginal examination
  4. Potential further diagnostic tests
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7
Q

Clear tacky vaginal discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

heat

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8
Q

Dark, red watery discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

48h after heat

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9
Q

lochia lasts for how long after calving

A

7-10 days

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10
Q

white discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

chronic problems of the uterus

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11
Q

Foul smelling, brown/red discharge in cows is a sign of?

A

acute infection of the uterus (inflammation)/ pyometra

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12
Q

fetal membranes are described as retained if they remain how long after calving

A

if they take longer than 24 hours to fall

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13
Q

Sinking of the anus in anterior direction/ The upper comissure of vulva is dragged forwards → distortion of
the vulva → fecal contamination may be seen in?

A

older cows (+ some breeds Charolais)

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14
Q

Rectal examination allows assessment of?

A

Placement, size and condition of
* Cervix
* Uterine body and horns
* Ovaries

Pregnancy
* Palpable from 6 weeks

Involution of uterus after calving

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15
Q

In older animals a part of/the whole uterus may hang over the pelvic brim (assessment via rectum) - in this case you may…

A

Attempt to retract the uterus into the pelvis (pull the intercornual ligament or scoop the whole uterus back to pelvis)

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16
Q

size of cervix in heifers?
older cows?

A

Heifers 2cm width + 4cm length,
older cows 4-5cm width + 8cm length

Just before and after calving the cervix feels softer to touch and is enlarged.

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17
Q

purpose of Broad ligament

A

Supports the genital tract, attached to pelvis on both sides

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18
Q

Main source of blood for the uterus

A

Middle uterine artery

Arises from the internal iliac artery.

The blood flow increases greatly as pregnancy progresses so that At 5months of pregnancy a turbulent flow is usually palpable within the middle uterine artery on the pregnant side of the uterus, towards the end on both sides.

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19
Q

Uterus feels much softer and slightly wider than the cervix during which phase of estrus

A

anestrus

The uterine horns in heifers → same size, 2cm wide.

Older animals → difference of size because of earlier pregnancies.

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20
Q

uterus feels Turgid and tightly coiled during which phase of estrus

A

during estrus

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21
Q

location of ovaries upon rectal exam

A

Located on the pelvic floor approximately at the level of uterine body-horn junction

  • Left ovary may have slipped
    under the anterior border of the
    broad ligament (cause of the rumen)
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22
Q

size of inactive and active ovaries

A

inactive ovaries are 1-1,5cm Ø
Active ovaries are 2,5-3cm Ø

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23
Q

describe follicles upon palpation

A

Fluid filled and readily compressible structure.

  • Smooth surface, often rising above the ovarian surface
  • More than one follicle may be present → mature follicle is up to 2cm Ø, soft to touch
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24
Q

describe corpus luteum upon palpation

A

Firm and non-compressible to the touch ”a mushroom”

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25
describe cysts upon palpation
Cystic ovarian disease * Common, usually one ovary is involved * Size greater than 2,5cm Ø Luteal cyst * Symptoms – anoestrus, signs of virilism * Thick wall, progesterone is secreted
26
Rectal examination - ultrasound enables pregnancy diagnosis from what day
At 25 days (necessary to check again 45-75 days) Viability of the fetus – heartbeats, movements. In later pregnancy only fluid and cotyledons
27
When fully dilated, what cannot be distinguished from the vagina/uterus
the cervix
28
The vaginal lumen should be
clean and empty, any contents may be pathological
29
A female twin to a male calf is called a
freemartin May have a prominent clitoris, always has shortened vagina and no cervix → cannot be inseminated. Sterile.
30
Hydrops allantois refers to
refer to the pathologic accumulation of excessive fetal fluid within the allantoic compartment of the placenta. the allantois is one of the fetal membranes, and is part of and forms an axis for the development of the umbilical cord. Seen in later pregnancy. * Cow in poor condition, severe abdominal distension because of excess fluid in the uterus * Calf is small, numerous small accessory cotyledons
31
Hydrops amnion is
an accumulation of excessive fluid in the amnionic space. Seen from 6 months of pregnancy. * Cow in good condition, normal cotyledons * Calf palpable, often with cleft palate
32
age of puberty for bulls? when are they used for breeding?
Puberty at (4…6…) 9 months, used as breeding bulls usually after 18 months
33
Scrotal circumference at the largest point should be approx.
28-35cm
34
The pointed anterior tip of the penis can be palpated through
the preputial skin 10cm or more caudal to the preputial orifice
35
penile sigmoid flexure may be palpated where
caudal to the scrotum
36
location of left kidney in bovine
Left kidney lies beneath 3.-5. lumbar vertebrae, suspended in a fold of mesentery (distended rumen pushes it to the midline). left kidney palpable per rectum
37
location of right kidney in bovine
Right kidney lies beneath the are of 12th thoracic vertebrae – 3rd lumbar vertebrae.
38
bovine bladder upon Rectal examination
Empty bladder lies in the pelvis. Distended bladder lies in the peritoneal cavity just anterior to the pelvic brim. * Females – beneath uterus * Males – beneath rectum Rectal examination → tense, rounded viscus
39
noteworthy anatomical feature in the context of bovine urinary catherization
Small blind suburethral diverticulum arising from the caudal border of the external urethral orifice (difficult to catheterise).
40
Urethral exam occurs how
In male cattle, the urethra is palpable per rectum → firm, muscular tube Ø1,5cm Note: Can’t catheterize (because of the sigmoid flexure)
41
bovine urine ph
7-8 so slightly alkaline
42
Dysuria =
defined as the sensation of pain and/or burning, stinging, or itching of the urethra or urethral meatus associated with urination. may be accompanied by frequent passage of small amounts of urine.
43
some causes of proteinuria can be (4)
Proteinuria = presence of exessive protein in urine * Causes: glomerulonephritis, renal infarction, nephrosis, amyloidosis
44
what is sulfonamide poisoning
Sulfonamides are the oldest and remain among the most widely used antibacterial agents in veterinary medicine, chiefly because of their low cost and relative efficacy in some common bacterial diseases. can cause Haematuria in bovine
45
what are downer cows
A cow becomes recumbent when it is unable to stand. A recumbent cow is often described as being 'down' and when it has been recumbent for a prolonged period as a 'downer cow'. There are many causes of a downer cow, including: 1) Trauma at or after calving: Bone fracture or nerve paralysis.
46
ectopic ureter
A ureter that does not connect properly to the bladder and drains somewhere outside of the bladder is called an ectopic ureter.
47
Most common bovine urinary system diseases - kidneys
Pyelonephritis Cystitis Urolithiasis Haemoglobinuria due to babesiosis
48
in cattle uroliths are usually
calcium magnesium ammonium phosphate
49
Ca/P ratio should be what in the diet
2:1
50
Babesiosis in cattle
Ticks spread the disease Clinical signs: pyrexia (43C), depression, anorexia, Haemoglobinuria, anemia
51
Examination of the mammary gland includes (3)
* Visual inspection * Palpation * Milk examination
52
most common pathogens to cause mastitis (4)
E. coli Staph. aureus Strep. agalactiae Streptococcus uberis
53
California mastitis test (CMT) is used to
diagnose subclinical mastitis Equal amount of milk and CMT liquid → the more viscous the mixture becomes, the greater is the somatic cell count (>200 000 somatic cells in milk – starts to coagulate)
54
Early in the course of the mastitis, approx. 24-36h before the rise in the SCC, there is
an increase in the sodium (Na) and chloride (the Cl concentration increases the electric conductivity) so electric conductivity of milk is used a a diagnostic tool for mastitis cases
55
SCC in mastitis
somatic cell count >200 000 → subclinical mastitis
56
SCC in chronic mastitis
somatic cell count > 250 000 3 months in a row S. aureus often the cause
57
most common pathogenic causing summer mastitis
Trueperella pyogenes Usually dry cows Severe suppurative mastitis, severe systematic symptoms, permanent damage to udder tissue
58
Most common type of udder ligament rupture is
The medial ligament rupture Results in lateral displacement of the right and left halves of the distal udder * Teats splaying outwards
59
Intertrigo is
is a superficial inflammatory skin condition of the skin's flexural surfaces, prompted or irritated by warm temperatures, friction, moisture, maceration, and poor ventilation. so inflammation of the folds between two halves of udder or between udder and leg
60
Teat conditions caused by milking (3)
hyperkeratosis hematomas swollen teats
61
Diseases of the teats causing vesicles (4)
Pseudocowpox Bovine herpes mammilitis Foot and mouth disease (NOT IN ESTONIA) Cowpox All are zoonoses except bovine herpes virus.
62
Which mastitis pathogens are spread mainly in manure, bedding and feed?
E.coli and Klebsiella
63
Which heat sign is most accurate?
standing reflex
64
What is causing the teat hyperkeratosis?
milk machine faults

Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals (6 decks)

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