Lecture 4 NS Physio III

Question 0

What’s the function of the midbrain ?

Answer 0

Controls auditory and visual REFLEXES

Movement of eyes, head and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli.

Question 1

What comprises the brain stem?

Answer 1

Midbrain , pons, medulla

Question 2

What is the function of the pons?

Answer 2

Functions with medulla to regulate breathing

Pontine respiratory centers controls rate and depth of breathing

Question 3

Where in the midbrain does decussation occur ? What happens a a result of this?

Answer 3

Medulla Oblongata

The left portion of the brain will receive information from the right side of the body and control the right skeletal muscles

Question 4

The medulla Oblongata houses vital reflex centers, what are they?

Answer 4

Respiratory ( drives breathing role)
Vasomotor(controls blood vessel diameter)
Cardiac center (modifies heart rate)

Question 5

Medulla Oblongata also controls “other centers” other than vital centers, what are they?

Answer 5

Swallowing , Vomiting , Coughing

Sneezing

Question 6

What is the overall function of the brain stem?

Answer 6

Controls life sustaining processes like breathing and circulation

Question 7

If the entire brain cortex was damaged except the brain stem, what would happen?

Answer 7

The individual would be alive but unaware and they would have no conscious control

Question 8

The hypothalamus is apart of the diancephalon superior to the midbrain and is extremely important. It regulates the ANS… Which regulates ..

Answer 8

Autonomic nervous system

Smooth, cardiac muscle and glands

Question 9

T or f the hypothalamus regulates, the endocrine system, body temperature, food and water intake( via body fluid concentration)

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system (along with the thalamus and the cerebrum) what is the limbic system responsible for?

Answer 10

It is “the emotional brain”
Basic emotions
Like rage and fear

Question 11

The hypothalamus co-ordinates the reticular activating system (RAS)
The reticular formation is located in the brain stem, what is it’s function?

Answer 11

ALERTING
RAS Receives incoming sensory input for awakening
Alerting thalamus, cortex, hypothalamus and reticular formation
It also receives input from the visual system used to set daily rhythms

Question 12

The hypothalamus receives sensory input from cutaneous receptors of nipples and external genetalia… Therefore it is involved with

Answer 12

Sexual arousal and associated behaviours

Question 13

Damage of hypothalamus leads to

Answer 13

Loss of homeostasis

It has major homeostatic functions

Question 14

The efferent nervous system is comprised of
A
B

Answer 14

A) the ANS ( cardiac, smooth, gland)
B) the Somatic NS skeletal muscle as effector)
Various levels of the brain involved

Question 15

The ANS has 2 further subdivisions

They are

Answer 15

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 16

The SNS or sympathetic nervous system pathway from CNS to effector is

Answer 16

CNS (spinal nerves t1 - L2) to >preganglionic neuron to >ganglion > post ganglionic neuron to effector

Question 17

What neurotransmitter is most commonly released via post ganglionic neuron of sympathetic ND

Answer 17

Norepinephrine NE

Question 18

What NT is released between pre and post ganglionic neurons of SNS

Answer 18

ACh

Question 19

The preganglionic neuron of SNS is said to be ______________

The post ganglionic is _________ or

Answer 19

Pre- Cholinergic (acetylcholine releasing)

Post- Adrenergic (NE)

Question 20

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system ?

Answer 20

Prepares the body for activity

Fight or flight

Question 21

What breaks down norepinephrine and where?

Answer 21

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) 
In PRESYNAPTIC NEURON

Question 22

Another division on the ANS is the PSNS

What part of CNS is associated with it ?

Answer 22

CNS = sacral portion of spinal cord

>preganglionic neuron :; ACh postganglionic neuron ;; ACh

Question 23

Pre ganglionic neurons of PSNS and SNS are both __________.

________ is broken down by _______ on receiving cell membrane.

Answer 23

Cholinergic

ACh broken down by acetylcholinesterase on receiving cell membrane or post synaptic membrane

Question 24

What is the function of the PSNS ?

Answer 24

rest and digest "house keeping"

Question 25

Most organs are innervated by ANS have both SNS and PSNS and the effects are usually opposite , give an example

Answer 25

Heart rate is excited by SNS and inhibited by PSNS Or Motility of the GI tract: excited by PSNS and inhibited by SNS

Question 26

``` Effects of SNS on Pupil Heart GI tract Blood vessel Gland Genitals ```

Answer 26

``` Pupil: dilate Heart: increase HR GI: inhibit motility Blood vessels: vasoconstriction Glands: (sweat) increase secretion Genitals: ejaculation in male ```

Question 27

``` Effects of PSNS on Pupil Heart GI tract Blood vessel Gland Genitals ```

Answer 27

Pupil: constricts Heart: decrease HR GI : increase motility Bvessels: no innervation except p and clitoris Glands: no innervation at all Genitals: erection and lubricant of vagina

Question 28

Describe higher order of ANS to it's divisions SNS / PSNS

Answer 28

``` Cerebrum including limbic system To Hypothalamus To Medulla Oblongata To And To PSNS and SNS ```

Question 29

Somatic nervous system | From CNS to _____ to effector (skeletal muscle)

Answer 29

Lower motor neuron

Question 30

There are 3 types of movement, what are they?

Answer 30

Reflexes Voluntary movement Rhythmic

Question 31

There are 2 types I reflexes what are they and describe them

Answer 31

A) spinal reflexes : least complex. Require sensory input (eg muscle spindle) b) postural reflex: for balence and posture. Require sense input from proprioceptors (eyes ,inner ear)

Question 32

Describe voluntary movement

Answer 32

Most complex | No external stimuli required

Question 33

What is rhythmic movement

Answer 33

Walking or running It is a complex of voluntary and reflex movement Initiated and ended by cerebrum, but input from cerebrum not required once it has begun

Question 34

Level 1 of motor control entails

Answer 34

``` Planning Move ? If yes what movement needed Plan sequence of muscle contractions Signals primary cortex Works with input from cerebellum ```

Question 35

Level 2 of motor control

Answer 35

Signals directly to motor neurons Down cortical spinal tract For fine skilled movements

Question 36

Level 3 of motor control

Answer 36

Brain stem nuclei Decendin motor tracts to lower motor neurons = indirect tracts Receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum Coordination of large muscle groups Involved in posture and locomotion

Question 37

Level 4 of motor control

Answer 37

Spinal cord contains cell body of lower motor neurons Networks of neurons (central pattern generators CPGs) set rhythmic repeated movements (runningetc) Requires cortical (cortex) input to begin or stop movement

Question 38

Corticospinal tract is

Answer 38

Also pyrimidal tracts | Conducts impulses from brain to spinal cord

Question 39

What are central pattern generators

Answer 39

Set rhythmic and repeated movements | Associated with level 4 motor control

Question 40

Cerebellum has many roles in movement. One is planning and initiating movement... Where is the imput sent ?

Answer 40

Cortical areas

Question 41

cerebellum stores planned movement and compares actual movement to the plan using sensory input (eg from proprioceptors) so that it may

Answer 41

Correct plan if necessary

Question 42

Cerebellum maintains balence, controls eye movements, role in maintaining muscle tone... It also coordinates _____ movements and timing of contractions involving ___ or more joint

Answer 42

Voluntary One or more

Question 43

Basal nuclei along with cerebellum aid in

Answer 43

Planning movement and maintaining muscle tone | Basal nuclei suppresses unwanted movements

Question 44

corticospinal pathway is a direct pathway descending to skeletal muscle from the cortex for

Answer 44

Fine precise movements

Question 45

What are upper motor neurons

Answer 45

Part of the corticospinal pathway Cell bodies that are located in motor areas of frontal cortex (primary motor cortex) Axons move into spinal cord

Question 46

what are lower motor neurons

Answer 46

Part of the corticospinal pathway | Cell bodies located in VENTRAL horn of spinal cord

Question 47

What would happen if there was a destruction of upper motor neurons?

Answer 47

Reflex arc is present: get A) spastic paralysis - increased muscle tone ( low level of contraction ) no atrophy B) exaggerated reflexes eg. Patellar, Achilles, babinski

Question 48

Describe babinski reflex

Answer 48

Normal : plantar flexion / all toes curl under Babinski: extend big toe If babies under 2 get sign > corticospinal tract is unmyelinated Asses damage to NS

Question 49

What happens when there is destruction of lower motor neurons

Answer 49

No reflex arc is present A)Get flaccidity > decreased muscle tone Muscle atrophy B) no reflex action

Question 50

Describe how polio elicits a no reflex action

Answer 50

Polio destroys cell bodies of ventral horn of spinal cord ( lower motor neurons ) > flaccid paralysis

Question 51

Language areas in brain are located

Answer 51

In left cortex in most people 99 % of right handed people 67% of left handle people

Question 52

For language, the cortex is responsible for

Answer 52

Concepts and ideas

Question 53

Wernikes area located in | Broca's area located in

Answer 53

Parietal and temporal for wernikes | Frontal for Broca's

Question 54

Broca's area, wernickes area and basal nuclei form a

Answer 54

Single language implementation system that analyzes incoming and produces outgoing word sounds and grammatical structures

Question 55

Damage to wernickes area produces

Answer 55

Inability to understand spoken or written words Can speak but words are meaningless Inappropriate or mixed up grammar

Question 56

Damage to Broca's Area elicits

Answer 56

Can understand language but cannot produce speech that is sensible