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COB Immunology > Lecture 4 (part I) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (part I) Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophils

A

Innate immunity - early phagocytosis and killing of microbes

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2
Q

Macrophages

A

Innate immunity - efficient phagocytosis and killing of microbes, secretion of cytokines that stimulate inflammation

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3
Q

NK cells

A

Innate immunity - lysis of infected cells, activation of macrophages

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4
Q

Complement

A

Innate immunity - killing of microbes, opsonization of microbes, activation of leukocytes

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5
Q

Mannose-binding lectin (collectin)

A

Innate immunity - opsonization of microbes, activation of complement

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6
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Innate immunity - Opsonization of microbes, activation of complement

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7
Q

Which cytokines are involved in inflammation?

A

TNF, IL-1, chemokines

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8
Q

Which cytokines are involved in resistance to viral infection?

A

IFN-alpha, IFN-beta

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9
Q

Which cytokine is involved in macrophage activation?

A

IFN-gamma

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10
Q

Which cytokine is involved in IFN-gamma production of NK cells and T cells?

A

IL-12

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11
Q

Which cytokine is involved in proliferation of NK cells?

A

IL-15

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12
Q

Which cytokines are involved in control of inflammation?

A

IL-10, TGF-Beta

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13
Q

PAMPs

A

Patterns that mark antigen as non-self; no structural similarity with self-antigens

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14
Q

PRRs

A

Cell receptors that recognize PAMPs

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15
Q

Mannose-tailed glycans

A

Essential surface molecules of bacteria and viruses

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16
Q

Germ-line encoded

A

Sequences found in gamete producing cells

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17
Q

Which toll-like receptors recognize extracellular pathogens?

A

TLR-1, -2, -4, -5, -6; present on cell surface

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18
Q

Which toll-like receptors recognize intracellular pathogens?

A

TLR-3, -7, -8, -9: located in endosomes, respond only to nucleic acids

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19
Q

TLR1:TLR2 heterodimer

A

Ligands: Lipopeptides, GPI
Cells carrying receptor: Monocytes, DC, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
Cell location of receptor: Plasma membrane

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20
Q

TLR2:TLR6 heterodimer

A

Ligands: Lipoteichoic acid, Zymosan
Cells carrying receptor: Monocytes, DC, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
Cell location of receptor: Plasma membrane

21
Q

TLR3

A

Ligands: double-stranded viral RNA
Cells carrying receptor: NK cells
Cellular location of receptor: Endosomes

22
Q

TLR4:TLR4 homodimer

A

Ligands: Lipopolysaccharide
Cells carrying receptor: macrophages, DC, mast cells, eosinophils
Cellular location of receptor: Plasma membrane

23
Q

TLR5

A

Ligands: Flagellin
Cells carrying receptor: Intestinal epithelium
Cellular location of receptor: Plasma membrane

24
Q

TLR7

A

Ligands: single-stranded viral RNAs
Cells carrying receptor: Plasmacytoid DC, NK cells, eosinophils, B cells
Cellular location of receptor: Endosomes

25
Q

TLR8

A

Ligands: Single-stranded viral RNAs
Cells carrying receptor: NK cells
Cellular location of receptor: Endosomes

26
Q

TLR9

A

Ligands: Unmethylated CpG-rich DNA
Cells carrying receptor: Plasmacytoid DCs, B cells, eosinophils, basophils
Cellular location of receptor: Endosomes

27
Q

TLR10 homodimer, heterodimers with TLR1, TLR2

A

Ligands: Unknown
Cells carrying receptor: Plasmacytoid DCs, B cells, eosinophils, basophils
Cellular location of receptor: unknown

28
Q

What adaptor protein is used to acivate NF-kB for TLRs 1, 2, 5, and 6?

A

MyD88

29
Q

What adaptor protein is used to activate IRF for TLR3?

A

TRIF

30
Q

What TLR can activate the NF-kB and IRF pathways

A

TLR4

31
Q

Which TLRs use MyD88 to activate both NF-kB and IRF?

A

TLRs 7, 9

32
Q

What is the function of the transcription factor NF-kB?

A

Activation results in transcription of pro-inflammatory genes

33
Q

What are the results of activating TLRs?

A

Triggers antimicrobial pathways that directly kill pathogen, Can contribute to tissue injury by inducing apoptosis and lead to symptoms of septic shock

34
Q

What are the symptoms of inflammation?

A
  1. Increased blood supply to area (redness, heat)
  2. Increased capillary permeability (swelling, pain)
  3. Massive influx of neutrophils in tissue
  4. Arrival of macrophages (16-48 hours)
  5. Distortion of homeostasis and loss of function
35
Q

HMGB1 (High mobility group box 1)

A

DAMP - Passively released during necrosis; activates NF-kB pathway (RAGE is the receptor)

36
Q

Uric acid

A

Another diffusible danger signal; activates NF-kB pathway

37
Q

HSPs

A

Danger signal; induce NF-kB pathway and releases inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1B)

38
Q

NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

A

Intracellular proteins that regulate host innate immune response; trigger NF-kB and MAPK signaling, control inflammatory caspases

39
Q

Inflammasome

A

Signaling complex formed by NLRs binding to PAMPs, DAMPs; activates caspase-1

40
Q

Caspase-1

A

Cleaves inactive cytoplasmic precursor forms of 2 homologous cytokines (IL-1B, IL-18)

41
Q

What are the 3 distinct extracellular structural domains of scavenger receptors?

A
  1. SR Cys-rich domain (absent in SR-A II)
  2. Collagen-like domain (binding of polyanionic ligands)
  3. Alpha-helical coiled-coil domain (absent in MARCO)
42
Q

What is the function of SRs?

A

Group of receptors mediating uptake of oxidized lipoproteins into cells

43
Q

CD36

A

Coreceptor in TLR2/6 recognition and response to lipoteichoic acid/diacylated lipopeptides

44
Q

What is common among C-type lectin family receptors?

A

All have conserved carbohydrate recognition domain for recognition of microbial mannose, N-acetylgucosamine, and B-glycans

45
Q

What are some functions of lectin receptors?

A

Facilitate phagocytosis, trigger secretion of cytokines

46
Q

MBP/Soluble mannose binding lectin (MBL)

A

Protein involved in complement activation via the lectin pathway

47
Q

Defensins

A

Small cationic peptides that contain both cationic and hydrophobic regions; produced by mucosal epithelial cells and granulocytes; direct toxicity to microbes

48
Q

Cathelicidins

A

Produced by neutrophils, epithelial cells; have multiple mechanisms, some bind and neutralize LPS and block inflammasome activation

COB Immunology (9 decks)

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