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Psychology > Lecture 4 - Prejudice > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Prejudice Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attitude ?

A

An attitude is a disposition to respond favourably or unfavourably towards an object, person, institution or event They can be of a cognitive, affective, behavioural nature

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2
Q

What is hypothetical construct?

A

Explanatory variable which is not directly observable

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3
Q

Features of attitude

A

Evaluative Directed at external objects

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4
Q

What are the 3 components of attitude?

A

Cognitive Affective Behavioural

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5
Q

Cognitive - verbal

A

Belief

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6
Q

Cognitive - non verbal

A

Perceptual reactions

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7
Q

Affective- verbal

A

Feelings

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8
Q

Affective - non verbal

A

Physiological reactions

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9
Q

Behavioural - non verbal

A

Overt behaviours

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10
Q

Simple attitude

A

Your behaviour is consistent with your attitude

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11
Q

Complex attitude

A

Your behaviour is not consistent with your attitude The stronger and more personally relevant an attitude is, the more likely it is to predict behaviour

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12
Q

Attitude accessibility

A

Ease of retrieving an attitude from behaviour

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13
Q

What is implicit stereotype?

A

Unconscious attribution of particular qualities to a member of a certain social group Influenced by experience Based on learned association between various qualities and social catergories

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14
Q

What is attitude seen as ?

A

Class of behaviour

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15
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

Repeated exposure has effect of strengthening response to object The more we are exposed to something, the more we grow to like it/object/ person depending on initial feeling

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16
Q

Zajonc 1968)

A

Used example of Chinese characters. Participants did not know meaning but came to like them/ thought they were positive the more they were exposed to them

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17
Q

What are the 3 forms of attitude formation?

A

Mere exposure effect Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

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18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Positive/negative reinforcement for behaviour Behaviour that lead to positive outcomes or prevent negative outcome is strengthened

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19
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Consistent pairing of attitude object with other stimuli which are evaluated positively/negatively Through repeated association a formerly neutral stimulus can elicit a reaction which was previously elicited only by another stimulus

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20
Q

Explicit attitude

A

An attitude that a person is consciously aware of an can report

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21
Q

Implicit attitude

A

An attitude that influences a person’s feelings and behaviour at an unconscious level

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22
Q

What is implicit association test?

A

Measures how quickly a person associates concepts or objects with positive or negative words

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23
Q

Implicit association test

A

Measures people’s implicit (unconscious,inaccessible) associations between different concepts (e.g. ‘male’ and ‘female’. Shows attitudes and belief that people may be unwilling/unable to report

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24
Q

Why is it important to do IAT?

A
  1. Unwillingly embarrassed to say what is on their mind 2. Think it is private. 3. Self-deception 4. Don’t know
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25
1sr step of IAT
Categorise stimuli into 2 categories Black appears on top LH corner and white appears on RH corner Middle of screen a word (1st name will appear) The person is asked to alert word into appropriate category by pressing LHS or RHS
26
2nd step of IAT
Complete similar sort of producer e.g. pleasant (LHS) or unpleasant (RHS) Middle of screen world would appear that is pleasant or unpleasant
27
3rd step of IAT
Individual are ashes to complete a combined task that include bother categories in the first 2 task e.g. “black/present” LHS and “white/unpleasant” in RHS
28
4th step of IAT
Repeat task but with repetition of words and images
29
5th step of IAT
Repeat of 1st task but with words reversed e.g. black would be in RHS and white on LHS
30
6th step of IAT
Repeat of 3rd step except object and subject would be of opposite pairing e.g. black/unpleasant + white/pleasant
31
7th step of IAT
Repeat of 5th step but with more repetition of words and images
32
1sr step of IAT
Categorise stimuli into 2 categories Black appears on top LH corner and white appears on RH corner Middle of screen a word (1st name will appear) The person is asked to alert word into appropriate category by pressing LHS or RHS
33
2nd step of IAT
Complete similar sort of producer e.g. pleasant (LHS) or unpleasant (RHS) Middle of screen world would appear that is pleasant or unpleasant
34
3rd step of IAT
Individual are ashes to complete a combined task that include bother categories in the first 2 task e.g. “black/present” LHS and “white/unpleasant” in RHS
35
4th step of IAT
Repeat task but with repetition of words and images
36
5th step of IAT
Repeat of 1st task but with words reversed e.g. black would be in RHS and white on LHS
37
6th step of IAT
Repeat of 3rd step except object and subject would be of opposite pairing e.g. black/unpleasant + white/pleasant
38
7th step of IAT
Repeat of 5th step but with more repetition of words and images
39
What is cognitive dissonance?
Uncomfortable mental state due to contradiction between 2 attitudes or attitude and behaviour
40
What can cognitive dissonance cause ?
Anxiety and tension
41
Postdecisional dissonance
Cognitive dissonance also arises when we have positive attitudes about different options a bit must choose one option
42
How does post-dissonance occur ?
Automatically. Little cognitive processing Without awareness
43
What is insufficient justification?
Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’a behaviour when external justification is insufficient
44
Classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) study
Frustrating peg and spoil test and then asked to relay to incoming student (confederate) that they will be participating in AWESOME experiment Found: 20 dollar - no cognitive dissonance 1 dollar changed attitude because of cognitive dissonance (insufficient justification)
45
Blascovich et al 1997
Social cognition: Takes racist people more time to recognise faces Categorise blocks based on colour, no difference Categorise people based on race The high prejudiced people took a longer time to sort individuals and the low prejudiced people were pretty quick
46
Payne 2001
White participants had to identify hand-tools and hand gun Each photo preceded by white or black face Results: Faster to detect a hand gun when preceded by a black face Faster to detect a hand tool when preceded by white face
47
What is implicit stereotype
Relatively inaccessible to conscious awareness and/or control
48
What is authoriarian personality types?
A person who has extreme respect for authority, who is very obedient to those who have power over them. They may also be hostile to those of a lower status
49
When is authoritarian personality formed?
During childhood
50
Why does this personality type form?
Due to harsh parenting sytle such as extremely strict discipline An exception of absolute loyalty, impossibly high standards Severe criticism of perceived failings These experiences create resentment and hostility in the child But they can’t express this against their parents due to fear of punishment
51
Psychological essentialism
Both an implicit and explicit psychological claim A bias in how we think about individuals and categories How certain traits are perceived as an essential part of the object, even when this may not be true
52
Prentice and Miller 2006 (psychological essentialism)
People are aware of different groups, but do not know why they are different Differences between groups are not obvious so people have the tendency to understand unique characteristics but cannot consciously analyse them to avoid prejudice
53
Eagly 1987 (social roles trigger correspondence bias)
Different groups fill different roles in society | People attribute their behaviour to dispositions, not situation
54
What are attitude formed out of?
Psychographic component | Cannot be seen
55
Measurement of attitude
Observational studies | Self report methods
56
Observational studies
Measuring attitude through watching and describing behaviour as it occurs Indirect measure - observe what someone does and assuming the underlying attitude associated with behaviour
57
Self report methods
Written or spoken answers to questions asked by the researchers Data received is called subjective data as it depends on how accurately participants answer questions Questionnaires Surveys Interview Rating scale
58
When are attitudes and behaviour likely to be consistent?
Strength of attitude Accessibility of attitude Social context of attitude Perceived control over behaviour
59
Strength of attitude
``` Thought about Well known Easily accessible Personally relevant Has a strong emotional component Well informed with information being gained from personal experience Stable and consistent over time ```
60
Accessibility of attitude
Attitude easily comes to mind Has been thought about Well known and stored in memory Believed that accessible attitude are closely related to behaviour and guide and predict it
61
Factors influencing attitude
``` Formed over long period of time through learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Modelling Repeated exposure ```
62
Social context of attitude
The actual and social context of attitude affects behaviour of individuals Behaviour dependent on social surrounding Perceived control over attitude
63
Modelling
Can modify or adapt behaviour by observing other people, particularly those close to us or those who are respected or admired
64
Repeated exposure
Attitude can form by being exposed to an issue, person or event repeatedly
65
What is principle of cognitive consistency?
we have an inner drive to hold all of our attitudes and behaviour in harmony and avoid disharmony
66
What happens when there is inconsistency between attitudes or behaviour?
Something must change to eliminate the dissonance
67
Postdecisional dissonance
Changing our discrepant behaviour Changing our cognition through rationalisation or denial Adding a new cognition
68
What is the conclusion of Festinger and Carl Smith study
Being paid 1 dollar is not sufficient incentive for lying and so those who paid 1 dollar experienced dissonance. They could only overcome that dissonance by coming to believe that the tasks were interesting and enjoyable Being paid 20 dollar provides a reason for turning pegs and there is no dissonance
69
What are advantages to this study
Lab experiment | Scientific can be repeated
70
What are disadvantages to this study
We cannot physically observe cognitive dissonance We cannot objectively measure it The term dissonance is subjective Individual difference in whether or not people act as their theory predicts Low ecological validity Biased sample
71
When do we also experience dissonance?
If we put effort into a task which we have chosen to carry and the task turn out badly
72
Aronson and Mills
To investigate the relationship between dissonance and effort
73
Method of aronson and mills
Female students volunteered to take part in a discussion on psychology of sex Mild embarrassment condition: participant read aloud to a male experimenter a list of sex related words like Virgin and prostitute Severe embarrassment conditions: read a lot obscene words and a very explicit sexual passage Conclusion: when people feel embarrassed they feel dissonance
74
Verbal self report
Primarily measuring evaluative / affective component
75
Thurston scale (1928)
Made up a statement about a particular issue | Each statement has a numerical value
76
Likert Scale (1932)
Series of statement followed by a series of responsive alternative
77
Guttman scale (1944)
Measure one factor/ subject | Followed by yes/no
78
Semantic differential scale (1957)
Rate a topic on a standard set of bipolar adjective with opposite meaning I.e. sweet and bitter 7 point scale
79
Fishbein expectancy value (1974)
Success in predicting behaviour is determined by asking whether we would perform a given act/series of given act Use questions that are quite specific

Psychology (11 decks)

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